Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Reform Movements A religious revival sparks reform movements, including calls to outlaw slavery. Factory laborers begin to demand better working conditions. A women’s rights movement forms. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
2
Reform Movements Religion Sparks Reform LESSON 1 Slavery and Abolition
What inspires people to try to improve their society? Religion Sparks Reform LESSON 1 Slavery and Abolition LESSON 2 Women and Reform LESSON 3 LESSON 3 LESSON 3 LESSON 3 The Changing Workplace LESSON 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
3
Religion Sparks Reform Lesson 1
A renewal of religious sentiment—known as the Second Great Awakening—inspires a host of reform movements. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
4
Religion Sparks Reform Lesson 1
The Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening—religious movement, sweeps U.S. after 1790 Individual responsible for own salvation, can improve self, society Religion and the Individual Early 1800s—religious ideas promote individualism, responsibility Some Christians believe moral duty to help others; call for reform of unjust practices Large gatherings; some preachers get 20,000 or more at outdoor camps Revivalism Revival—gathering to awaken religious faith; lasts 4 to 5 days Revivalism greatly increases church membership Preacher Charles Finney inspires emotional religious faith Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
5
The Second Great Awakening (continued)
Lesson 1 The Second Great Awakening (continued) The African-American Church Camp meetings, Baptist, Methodist churches open to blacks and whites Southern slaves interpret Christian message as promise of freedom In East, free African Americans have own churches African Methodist Episcopal Church—political, cultural, social place African-American church organizes first national convention (1830) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
6
Transcendentalism and Reforms
Lesson 1 Transcendentalism and Reforms Transcendentalists, Unitarians seek ways to improve American society away from mainstream Christian churches Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson leads group practicing transcendentalism —literary and philosophical movement —emphasizes simple life —truth found in nature, emotion, imagination Henry David Thoreau puts self-reliance into practice, writes Walden Thoreau urges civil disobedience, peaceful refusal to obey laws Unitarianism Unitarians stress reason, appeals to conscience in religion Agree with revivalists: individual, social reform important Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
7
Americans Form Ideal Communities
Lesson 1 Americans Form Ideal Communities Utopian communities—experimental groups, try to create perfect place In 1841, transcendentalist George Ripley establishes Brook Farm Most utopias last only a few years Shakers share goods, believe men and women equal, refuse to fight Do not marry or have children; need converts, adoption to survive Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
8
School and Prison Reform
Lesson 1 School and Prison Reform Mid-19th century—Social reformers focus attention on schools and other institutions Improving Education In early 1800s, school not compulsory, not divided by grade Pennsylvania establishes tax-supported public school system in 1834 Horace Mann establishes teacher training, curriculum reforms By 1850s, all states have publicly funded elementary schools Reforming Asylums and Prisons Dorothea Dix gets 10 states to improve conditions for mentally ill Reformers stress rehabilitation to obtain useful position in society Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
9
Slavery and Abolition Lesson 2
Slavery becomes an explosive issue, as more Americans join reformers working to end it. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
10
Abolitionists Speak Out
Slavery and Abolition Lesson 2 Abolitionists Speak Out 1820s over 100 antislavery societies advocate resettlement in Africa Most free blacks consider themselves American; few emigrate Whites join blacks calling for abolition, outlawing of slavery William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison—radical white abolitionist; founds: —New England Anti-Slavery Society —American Anti-Slavery Society The Liberator calls for immediate emancipation—freeing of slaves Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
11
Abolitionists Speak Out (continued)
Lesson 2 Abolitionists Speak Out (continued) David Walker David Walker—free black resident of Boston; militant abolitionist Advises blacks to fight for freedom, not wait to get it Warns whites that racial war is inevitable unless black American rights are acknowledged Northerners condemn Walker’s words as dangerous Southerners put a price on his head; block circulation of is writings Frederick Douglass As a slave, Frederick Douglass taught to read, write by owner’s wife Douglass escapes; asked to lecture for Anti-Slavery Society Douglass’s The North Star: abolition through political action Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
12
Free African Americans
Lesson 2 Free African Americans Throughout United States, some African Americans living free —former slaves freed by owners or saved money to buy freedom —others win freedom as reward for military service 1830s—free black communities exist in every region of the nation Free Blacks in the South Lives not always easy—state laws deny basic rights Southern free blacks work as day laborers, artisans Some become very successful; buy slaves of their own Free Blacks in the North Northern blacks have more rights than southern; can vote, move from place to place Some children attend school; African Free School in NY opens in 1787 Many northern African Americans become social and political leaders Still face discrimination, lose rights in some areas Black citizens band together to form social organizations and antislavery societies Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
13
Free African Americans (continued)
Lesson 2 Free African Americans (continued) Free Blacks in the West Many African Americans join migration west; free blacks hope to escape discrimination Some purchase land, establish communities 1860—more than 4,000 African Americans live in California Discrimination finds free blacks in the west; new laws pass limiting rights; freedom slowly disappears Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
14
Life Under Slavery Rural Slavery Urban Slavery Lesson 2
Population increases from 1810 (1.2 million) to 1830 (2 million) 18th century, most slaves recent arrivals, work on small farms By 1830, majority are American, work on plantations or large farms Rural Slavery On plantations, men, women, children work dawn to dusk in fields Slaves are whipped, have little time for food, no breaks for rest Urban Slavery Demand in southern cities for skilled black slaves Enslaved blacks can hire themselves out as artisans Slave owners hire out their workers to factory owners Treatment of slaves in cities less cruel than on plantations Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
15
Life Under Slavery (continued)
Lesson 2 Life Under Slavery (continued) Slave Revolts Most extreme form of resistance to slavery is armed rebellion Nat Turner, preacher, leads slave rebellion; about 60 whites killed Turner, followers, innocent are captured; 200 killed in retaliation African captives aboard Spanish ship Amistad rebel against crew; demand return to Africa Captives arrested; face mutiny and murder charges U.S. Supreme Court finds Amistad rebels innocent; return to Africa in 1842 Southern slave owners note that their slaves are lawful property; not subject to court’s decision Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
16
Slave Owners Defend Slavery
Lesson 2 Slave Owners Defend Slavery People argue that the only way to prevent further slave revolt is through emancipation Others choose to tighten restrictions on all African Americans Virginia Debate Virginia legislature debates abolition; motion not passed Ends the debate on slavery in antebellum (pre-Civil War) South Backlash from Revolts Southern states create slave codes to tighten limits on blacks Free African Americans as well as slaves lose rights Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
17
Slave Owners Defend Slavery (continued)
Lesson 2 Slave Owners Defend Slavery (continued) Proslavery Defenses Slavery advocates use Bible, myth of happy slave as defense Southern congressmen secure adoption of gag rule —limits or prevents debate —used on issue of slavery —deprives citizens of right to be heard Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
18
Women and Reform Lesson 3
Women reformers expand their efforts from movements such as abolition and temperance to include women’s rights. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
19
Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s
Women and Reform Lesson 3 Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s Women have limited options in early 19th century Most Americans believe women to be inferior to men Tradition demands women restrict their lives after marriage to the home, family Young women take factory jobs during Industrial Revolution Single white women earn half of men’s pay for doing same job Married women must give wages, property to husband Women have few legal rights; cannot vote, sit on juries —do not have guardianship of own children Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
20
Women Mobilize for Reform
Lesson 3 Women Mobilize for Reform Women actively participate in important reform movements of 19th century Disapproving men often shut women out of meetings Some women begin to expand efforts to seek equal rights Women Abolitionists Middle-class white women inspired by religion join reform movements Sarah and Angelina Grimké— work for abolition - daughters of Southern slave owner Some men support women reformers; others denounce them Working for Temperance Many women in temperance movement—prohibit drinking alcohol Widespread use of alcohol in early 19th century American Temperance Society founded 1826; 6,000 local groups by 1833 Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
21
Women Mobilize for Reform (continued)
Lesson 3 Women Mobilize for Reform (continued) Education for Women Until 1820s, few opportunities for girls past elementary school Academic schools for women become available: —1821, Emma Willard opens Troy Female Seminary —1837, Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary —1837, Oberlin College admits 4 women; first coeducational college African-American girls have few opportunities to get good education Women and Health Reform Elizabeth Blackwell, doctor, opens clinic for women, children Catharine Beecher’s national survey finds most women unhealthy Amelia Bloomer rebels, designs loose pants; popular with other women Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
22
The Women’s Rights Movement Emerges
Lesson 3 The Women’s Rights Movement Emerges Mid-19th century reform movements increase opportunity for women to act outside the home Seneca Falls Reform encourages women’s movement, give opportunities outside home 1848, Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights “Declaration of Sentiments” modeled on Declaration of Independence Attendees approve all but one resolution of Declaration unanimously: —men and women are equal —urge women to participate in public issues —narrowly pass women’s suffrage Former Northern slave Sojourner Truth travels country preaching Later argues for abolition, women’s rights Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
23
The Changing Workplace Lesson 4
A growing industrial work force faces problems arising from manufacturing under the factory system. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
24
The Changing Workplace Lesson 4
Industry Changes Work Change results after production moves from the home to the factory —families split —new communities form —traditional relationships transform between employers and employees Textile industry pioneers new manufacturing techniques Rural Manufacturing Cottage industry—manufacturers supply materials, goods made in homes Entrepreneurs like Francis Cabot Lowell open weaving factories in MA by 1830s Lowell and partners have 8 factories, 6,000 employees Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
25
Industry Changes Work (continued)
Lesson 4 Industry Changes Work (continued) Early Factories • Early 1800s, artisans produce items people cannot make themselves: —master—highly experienced artisan —journeyman—skilled worker employed by master —apprentice—young worker learning craft • Factories revolutionize industry: cost of household items drops • With machines, unskilled workers replace artisans Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
26
Farm Worker to Factory Worker
Lesson 4 Farm Worker to Factory Worker Work force of mostly unmarried farm girls cluster in mill towns “Mill girls” live in boarding houses under strict rules, control of female supervisor 1828—Women make up nine-tenths of New England mill work force; most under the age of 30 The Lowell Mill • Owners hire females who can be paid lower wages than men • Factory pay better than alternatives—teaching, sewing, domestic work • Most girls stay at Lowell only for a few years • Mill girls take new ideas back to their homes Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
27
Farm Worker to Factory Worker (continued)
Lesson 4 Farm Worker to Factory Worker (continued) Conditions at Lowell • Work 12 hours in heat, dark, poor ventilation: —cause discomfort, illness • Conditions continue to deteriorate; 800 mill girls conduct a strike: —work stoppage to force employer to respond to worker demands Strikes at Lowell • 1834, strike over pay cut; 1836, strike over higher board charges • Company prevails both times, fires strike leaders • 1845, Lowell Female Labor Reform Association founded Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
28
Workers Seek Better Conditions
Lesson 4 Workers Seek Better Conditions • Artisans form unions; begin to ally selves with unskilled workers • 1830s—unions for same trade unite to standardize wages, conditions, shorter workday • 1834—organizations from 6 industries form National Trades’ Union • Bankers, owners from associations; courts declare strikes illegal • 1830s–1840s, 1–2% of workers organized, dozens of strikes —employers use immigrants as strikebreakers • 1842—Commonwealth v. Hunt case upholds workers’ right to strike • 1860—barely 5,000 union members; 20,000 people in strikes • Most common demand is shorter workday; states begin to institute ten-hour workdays • Businesses continue to fight back against strikers; look to new labor source of immigrants Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
29
Immigrants Join the Work Force
Lesson 4 Immigrants Join the Work Force Business owners turn to immigrants to replace striking union members European immigration to the U.S. increases 1830–1860; most settle in North and West Irish Immigration • Irish immigrants settle in large Eastern cities • Disliked because Catholic, poor; resented because work for low pay • Americans begin to change views; see immigrants as a threat to way of life German Immigration • German immigrants cluster in upper Mississippi Valley, Ohio Valley • Most were farmers in Europe; some become professionals, artisans, shopkeepers • Push and pull factors drive German immigrants —fleeing economic depression and overcrowding; jobs scarce —escaping religious persecution, heavy taxes, forced military service, failed revolution —some search for free land, success, American Dream • Did not face as much persecution as Irish; not Catholic or poor, not competition for jobs Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
30
Immigrants Join the Work Force (continued)
Lesson 4 Immigrants Join the Work Force (continued) British Immigration • Most seek new economic opportunities • Already familiar with industrial equipment • English immigrants could often choose jobs, command high wages • Easier adjustment to life in United States; culture, speak the language, most Protestant • Did not establish separate communities; mingle with American neighbors Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
31
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes.
Click the HOME or EXIT button. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
32
Print Slide Show On the File menu, select Print
In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Similar presentations
