1. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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4. Patients as Individuals
Patient well-being is affected by attitude, expressed concern, and technical skills
Individuals are complex
Cultural influences, personal experiences, and basic human needs all play a role
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5. Philosophy of Individual Worth
Every human being has worth
Give same level of care regardless of any other factors
Some patients present very unique challenges
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6. Dealing With Prejudice
Prejudice defined
Prevents seeing people as unique individuals
Leads to unfavorable judgments
Almost everyone has prejudices
Must identify prejudice to deal with it
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7. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The Meaning of Culture
Culture defined
Individuals and culture
Dominant culture
Personal space and personal contact
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8. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Health Care Beliefs
Vary widely among cultural groups
Religious beliefs and health
Harmony and health
Herbs and plant medicines
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9. Determining Individual Needs
Effectiveness of health care worker
Understanding and respecting individual differences
Patients have different perceptions of the health care setting
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10. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Individual Needs
Observe patient’s behavior and ways of interacting with others
Determine whether language barriers are present
Ask questions to learn individual preferences
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11. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Individual Needs
Listen carefully to patient’s responses
Some patients need more information than others
Explain what you are doing and why
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12. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
Developed by American Psychologist, Abraham Maslow
Physiological needs
Safety and security
Love and affection
Esteem and self-actualization
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13. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Patient Needs—Carlos
Physiological
Safety and security
Love and affection
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
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14. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Defense Mechanisms
Responses to perceived threats to self-esteem
Compensation
Control
Denial
Displacement
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15. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Defense Mechanisms
Malingering
Projection
Rationalization
Regression
Repression
Withdrawal
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16. Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Dealing With Loss
What is a loss?
A loss will significantly influence patient behavior
Health care workers can help patients deal with loss
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17. Ways of Dealing With Loss
Seek support from family and friends
Find comfort in religion
Draw on self-esteem
Employ problem-solving techniques
Use defense mechanisms
Become angry and depressed
Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.