1. Chapter 4 Atoms 1. Atomic Structure Timeline
* Draw the atomic models
* Match scientists to their experiments and discoveries
* Place the models in chronological order

2. Democritus (400 B.C.)
Proposed that matter was composed of tiny indivisible particles
Not based on experimental data
Greek: atomos

3. Alchemy (next 2000 years) Mixture of science and mysticism.
Lab procedures were developed, but alchemists did not perform controlled experiments like true scientists.

4. John Dalton (1807) British Schoolteacher Billiard Ball Model
based his theory on others’ experimental data
Billiard Ball Model
atom is a uniform, solid sphere

5. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates
1. Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different.
3. Atoms of different elements combine together in simple proportions to create a compound.
4. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged, but not changed.

6. Henri Becquerel (1896) Discovered radioactivity Three types:
spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus
Three types:
alpha () - positive
beta () - negative
gamma () - neutral

7. J. J. Thomson (1903) Cathode Ray Tube Experiments Discovered Electrons
beam of negative particles
Discovered Electrons
negative particles within the atom
Plum-pudding Model

8. J. J. Thomson (1903) Plum-pudding Model
positive sphere (pudding) with negative electrons (plums) dispersed throughout

9. Ernest Rutherford (1911) Gold Foil Experiment Discovered the nucleus
dense, positive charge in the center of the atom
Nuclear Model

10. Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

11. Ernest Rutherford (1911) Nuclear Model
dense, positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons

12. Niels Bohr (1913) Energy Levels Planetary Model
electrons can only exist in specific energy states
Planetary Model

13. Niels Bohr (1913) Planetary Model
electrons move in circular orbits within specific energy levels

14. Erwin Schrödinger (1926) Quantum mechanics Electron cloud model
electrons can only exist in specified energy states
Electron cloud model
orbital: region around the nucleus where e- are likely to be found

15. Electron Cloud Model (orbital)
Erwin Schrödinger (1926)
Electron Cloud Model (orbital)
dots represent probability of finding an e- not actual electrons

16. James Chadwick (1932) Discovered neutrons Joliot-Curie Experiments
neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom
Joliot-Curie Experiments
based his theory on their experimental evidence

17. revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
James Chadwick (1932)
Neutron Model
revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear Model

18. History of the Atom Theory

19. ACTIVITY The Development of Atomic Theory
* Place the models in chronological order
* Draw the atomic models
* Match scientists to their experiments and discoveries