1. Science 8
Chemistry

2. Physical Science - Content
kinetic molecular theory (KMT)
kinetic molecular theory (KMT): explains how particles move in different states
atomic theory and models
atomic theory: provides evidence for the existence of atoms and molecules
models: models can be used to represent:
the arrangement and motion of particles in different phases
the arrangement of and forces that bind protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom
the quarks and leptons in protons, neutrons, and electrons
protons, neutrons, and quarks
protons, neutrons, and quarks: protons and neutrons (made of quarks) are held together in the nucleus by a strong nuclear force
electrons and leptons
electrons and leptons: electrons (a type of lepton) are held at a distance from the nucleus through electromagnetism

3. Kinetic Molecular Theory
KMT:
All matter is made of very small particles
There are spaces between the particles
The particle are in constant motion. They collide with each other and their container
Energy makes the particles move. When energy is added, the particles move faster

4. Examining KMT
The purpose of this modelling activity is to understand how the empty spaces between molecules affects the volume of the mixtures of different substances
The spaces between particles allow the volume of the mixture of two substances to be less than the sum of the volume before mixing because the particles of one substance fill some of the space between the other particles

5. Examining KMT The angry paint can
We did this demo to show that the spaces between particles and the collisions between the particles and their container is different in different states:
Solid particles are close together and fixed in position. They vibrate.
Liquid particles are slightly farther apart and can slide past each other
Gas particles fly about, taking up all the space available to them
In reacting the lycopodium, carbon dioxide gas was produced, with the particles spreading out, the volume of the paint can could only contain them by dramatically increasing the pressure. This increase blew the top off.

6. Atomic Theory
400-year-search-for-the-atom- theresa-doud
A 2400 year old theory that the ATOM is the smallest particle that matter can be chemically broken into.

7. Atomic Theory
John Dalton- observed how matter combined and broke down in regular ratios. In 1805, he published a modern atomic theory and supported it with scientific observations. It was accepted by scientists of the time.
Everything is composed of atoms, which are the indivisible building blocks of matter and cannot be destroyed.
All atoms of an element are identical.
The atoms of different elements vary in size and mass.
Compounds are produced through different whole-number combinations of atoms.
A chemical reaction results in the rearrangement of atoms in the reactant and product compounds
Source: Boundless. “John Dalton and Atomic Theory.” Boundless Chemistry. Boundless, 26 May Retrieved 29 Nov from 32/john-dalton-and-atomic-theory /

8. Atomic Theory
In 1897 J.J Thomson discovered the electron, leading to his proposing the chocolate chip cookie model of the atom:
Negatively charged electrons are like chocolate chips, supended in the positively charged “cookie crust” of each atom

9. Ernest Rutherford
In 1909, Rutheroford performed the famous gold foil experiment
Led the to development of the concept of a nucleus: a dense core of positive charge with the negative electrons moving around it.

10. Atomic Theory
In 1913, another of Thompson’s students, Niels Bohr applied quantum theory to come up with the model of the electrons only being found in specific orbitals around the atom. This model explained how specific amounts of energy are absorbed and emitted by different elements.

11. Atomic Theory In 1932, Chadwick discovered the neutron
The neutron is an uncharged particle of equal mass to a proton
The neutrons were added to the protons in the nucleus of the atom
The Bohr model became for explaining the behavior of matter and elements in chemistry

12. Atomic Theory
While the Bohr Model is used in school to explain that periodic table and compounds, physicists weren’t done.
In 1925, Schrodinger came up with wave mechanics, describing the parts of the atom as interacting like a wave
In 1926, Heisenberg. applied mathematics to prove that an electron’s position and velocity could not be identified at the same time
The two ideas combined to create the electron cloud model of the atom. The nucleus stayed the same, but clouds were used to show you where you have a higher probability of finding electrons.

13. Atomic Theory
In the second half of the 20th century, further discoveries- and the explanations for those discoveries- have led to the development of the standard model
The standard model explains that:
protons are made of three smaller particles called quarks: 2 up quarks and 1 down
Neutrons are made of three smaller particles called quarks: 1 up quark and 2 down
electrons are one type of lepton

14. Atomic Theory
There are four forces in the universe: Weak force, Strong force, Electromagnetic force, Gravity.
Standard model explains the influence of Strong, Weak and Electomagnetic force at the subatomic level.
Gravity acts infinitely, but is the weakest force and can’t be fit into standard theory
Electromagnetism also acts infinitely, but is the second strongest force
Strong and weak force only act at the Subatomic level- we aren’t aware of their effects on us.
Strong force is the strongest force and acts over the second shortest distance
Weak force is the third strongest force and acts over the shortest distance.
Protons and neutrons are held together in the nucleus by strong force
Electrons are held at a distance from the nucleus by electromagnetic force

16. Atomic Theory
Clearly, the atomic theory is more complex today, and while it answers many questions about the universe, it is still incomplete
It cannot answer Big questions about Dark Matter and Antimatter in the formation of the Universe.
malbrunot#review

17. KMT and Atomic Theory So what do we do with this?
Research, build a model and explain of the levels of development of the KMT or Atomic Theory
Explain how the model, at the level of development you investigated, is useful
Who is it useful to?
How could this group use it?
Explain how advanced a Canadian Citizen’s understanding of KMT and Atomic Theory should be, at a minimum, and why.