1. Erwin Schrodinger (1887 – 1961)
H Y = E Y
Wave Equation

2. Wave Equation Solution for E

3. Wave Equation Solution for Y
Ground State (n = 1)

4. Wave Equation Solution for Y
First Excited States (n = 2)

5. Wave Equation Solution for Y
d orbitals (n > 2)

6. Wave Equation Solution for Y
f orbitals (n > 3)

7. Splitting of Energy Levels

8. Many Electron Energy Diagram

9. Electron Configurations
H = 1s1
He = 1s2
Li = 1s2 2s1
Be = 1s2 2s2
B = 1s2 2s2 2p1
C = 1s2 2s2 2p2
N = 1s2 2s2 2p3
O = 1s2 2s2 2p4
F = 1s2 2s2 2p5
Ne = 1s2 2s2 2p6
Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Mg = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Al = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Si = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
P = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
S = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Cl = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Ar = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
K = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Ca = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Sc = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
etc.

10. The Modern Periodic Table of the Elements

11. Periodic Table of the Elements
Dimitri Mendeleev ( )

12. Alkali Metals Element At. Weight mp (oC) D (g/mL) Oxide Chloride
Lithium 7
180
0.534
Li2O
LiCl
Sodium 23 98
0.968
Na2O
NaCl
Potassium 40 63
0.89
K2O
RbCl
Rubidium 86 39
1.53
Rb2O
Cesium
133 28
1.93
Cs2O
CsCl

13. Alkaline Earth Metals Element At. Weight mp (oC) D (g/mL) Oxide
Chloride
Beryllium 9
1287
1.85
BeO
BeCl2
Magnesium 24
650
1.738
MgO
MgCl2
Calcium 40
842
1.55
CaO
CaCl2
Barium
137
727
3.51
BaO
BaCl2
Radium
(226)
700
5.5
RaO
RaCl2

14. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

15. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

16. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of 1872

17. Property
Ekaaluminum
Gallium
atomic mass 68
69.72
density (g/cm³)
6.0
5.904
melting point (°C)
Low
29.78
oxide's formula
Ea2O3 (density g cm-3) (soluble in both alkalis and acids)
Ga2O3 (density g cm-3) (soluble in both alkalis and acids)
chloride's formula
Ea2Cl6 (volatile)
Ga2Cl6 (volatile)

18. Diagonal Relationships
Lithium & Magnesium Carbonate are Sparingly Soluble in Water
(Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium & Cesium Carbonates Very Soluble in Water)
Lithium & Magnesium form Oxides when Exposed to Air
(Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium & Cesium form Peroxides or Superoxides)
Lithium & Magnesium for Stable Nitrides
(Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium & Cesium do not)
Lithium & Magnesium Chloride Precipitate from an Aqueous Solution as Hydrates
(Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium & Cesium Chlorides do not)