1. BIRTH AND THE NEWBORN CHILD
Chapter 3
BIRTH AND THE NEWBORN CHILD
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2. Birth and Its Cultural Context Section 1
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3. Stages of the Birth Process The First Stage: Labor
Longest and most taxing stage
Contractions in the uterus cause cervix to dilate (10 centimeters)
Labor is painful, but there are some ways to ease discomfort
Rocking chair, warm shower or bath, massages or taking a walk
Emotional support is important
LO 3.1 Stages of birth
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4. Water birth
Doula
Birthing Positions

5. L.O. 3.1
Figure 3.1
The Three Stages of the Birth Process Which stage is longest and most difficult?
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6. Stages of the Birth Process: The Second Stage
Delivery can take up to an hour, but there is wide variation
Crowning- baby’s head appears at outer opening of vagina.
LO 3.1 Stages of birth
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7. Stages of the Birth Process: The Third Stage
placenta and umbilical cord are expelled
Complications can occur if placenta is not fully expelled
1. excessive bleeding
2. life threatening
LO 3.1 Stages of birth
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8. Stages of the Birth Process Birth Complications
Two common birth complications:
Failure to progress: t may be due to slow cervical dilation, a delay in the descent of the fetal head th rough the birth canal, or ineffective uterine contractions.
Breech Presentation
Cesarean delivery can be done to deal with birth complications
LO 3.2 Birth Complications
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9. Map 3.1
Cesarean Section Rates, Selected Countries Which countries have the highest rates of cesarean sections? What determines whether a country has high or low rates?
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10. Stages of the Birth Process Birth Complications
Cesarean-surgical incision to remove baby from the uterus
High rates of C-section may be due to extreme caution
LO 3.2 Birth Complications
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11. What Does the Placenta Do?
an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall:
Umbilical cord arises from it
allows oxygen and nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply
fights against internal infection
produces hormones to support pregnancy

12. What happens to the placenta after birth?
Depends on your culture delivery of the placenta can be dangerous so the placenta must be dangerous Disposal of the placenta must be done carefully so that baby doesn’t get pimples or die Burial, burning, throwing it in the river, keeping it in a place reserved for placenta

13. What happens to the placenta after birth?
Navajo Indians
Ghana, Malaysia, Indonesia
Bury the placenta in a sacred place Emphasizing the bond the newborn has with his/her ancestral land.
Placenta has spirit/soul of it’s own Buried like it’s a person Treated as baby’s semi-human sibling Washed & buried as a stillborn infant Other cultures pray during the burial & ask not to harm the newborn baby

14. What happens to the placenta after birth?
In Developed Countries
Placenta Products
recognized as having hormones & nutrients
Hospitals give to researchers or to cosmetic manufacturers to make hair conditioners
Provides boost of energy,
Contains hormone oxytocin which helps w/preventing postpartum bleeding
In the Philippines, placenta blood is added to mother’s porridge to for strength to mom
Let's Watch

15. Cultural Variations in Birth Practices
Attempts to ease birth process include
Abdominal massage and herbal teas
Herbal medicines to cope with pain
Midwives give instruction and encouragement
Symbols placed in different areas
Medical use of epidural seen in developed countries
LO 3.4 Cultural practices in easing birth
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16. The Neonate
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17. The Neonate LO 3.7 Assessing neonatal health
Fuzzy hair on body called lanugo
Skin coated w/vernix: oily, cheesy substance
Misshapen head with soft spots called fontanels
About 20 inches and 7.5 pounds
About 1/2 have jaundice
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18. Apgar scale Virginia Apgar
Neonatal assessment is critical in first few minutes
Completed twice
(1 min. & 5 min. after birth)
Score of 0, 1, or 2 in each category
Desired score: 7 or above
Visualizing Development A Healthy Newborn
Kathleen Stassen Berger: The Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence, Tenth Edition
Copyright © 2015 by Worth Publishers

19. The Neonate’s Health LO 3.7 Assessing neonatal health
Low Birth Weight
Low birth weight (LBW)-less than 5.5 lbs.
Very Low birth weight-less than 3.5 lbs.
Extremely Low birth weight-less than lbs.
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20. The Neonate’s Health LO 3.8 Low birth weight
Main Causes for LBW
Developing countries
malnourished mothers
lack of prenatal care
Developed countries-cigarette smoking
Other factors: multiple births, maternal age (too young, too old), drug use
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21. L.O. 3.8
Map 3.3
Rates of Low Birth Weight Around the World Why are rates so high in developing countries?
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22. The Neonate’s Health Low Birth Weight
Treatment for LBW infants includes
Kangaroo care: skin-to-skin contact for hours a day
Infant massage
Even with assistance, LBW babies are at risk developmentally
LO 3.8 Low birth weight
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23. Physical Functioning of the Neonate Neonatal Sleeping Patterns
Neonates’ sleep/wake cycle governed more by hunger than day/night cycle
REM sleep dominates ½ the time
For neonates, REM sleep stimulates brain development
Traditional cultures keep close physical contact
May cause infants to spend more day hours sleeping than in industrialized cultures
LO 3.9 Neonates’ patterns of waking and sleeping
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24. Reflexes Automatic response to certain kinds of stimulation
Babies are not controlling the movements

25. Table 3.2 Neonatal Reflexes
L.O. 3.10
Table 3.2
Neonatal Reflexes
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26. Physical Functioning of the Neonate Neonatal Senses
Touch-earliest sense to develop
Neonates do experience pain
Taste and Smell-well developed
Show smell preferences for mother’s diet
Prefer sweet taste
Prefer mother’s breast smell to another’s
LO 3.11 Neonates’ sensory abilities
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27. Physical Functioning of the Neonate Neonatal Senses
Hearing-well developed
Sensitive to speech
Prefer mother’s voice
Difficulty locating sound
Vision-least developed
Sees 8-14 inches
color vision limited
Prefer patterns to random designs
Prefer faces to other patterns
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28. Caring for the Neonate
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29. Breastfeeding LO 3.12 Breastfeeding across cultures and history
What is the best food for an infant?
Let down-reflex
Historical evidence suggests breastfeeding was the primary/sole food for 2-3 yrs.
Substitute milk, wet nurse, formula became alternatives
Breastfeeding back on the rise
- Maternal age, education and SES increase likelihood of breast feeding
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30. Breastfeeding LO 3.13 Advantages of breast feeding
What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
Benefits include
Colostrum: thick, yellow substance produced 24 hours after delivery. Rich in protein & antibodies
Disease protection from diphtheria, pneumonia, ear infections, asthma, diarrhea
Cognitive development: nutrients promote early brain dev.
Reduced obesity
Better health in childhood/adulthood: bone density, vision, cardiovascular functioning
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31. How does Breastfeeding benefit the mother?
Mothers benefit by:
Oxytocin release reduces bleeding in uterus & shrinks uterus to original size
Burns 500-1,000 calories a day
Strengthens bones
Reduces risk of breast & ovarian cancer

32. Social and Emotional Aspects of Neonatal Care
Bonding and Postpartum Depression
What is post partum depression?
Feelings of sadness/anxiety that interfere with daily tasks
Possible causes of postpartum depression:
Rapid hormonal changes
May have a genetic basis
No support form father/family
Possible impact on child development
LO 3.16 Causes and consequences of postpartum depression
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33. How does post partum depression affect the infant?
Irritable
Problems eating/sleeping
Difficulty forming attachments
Older children may become withdrawn
Display antisocial behavior