1. SEGREGATION
Legislation known as Jim Crow laws separated people of color from whites in schools, housing, jobs, and public gathering places.
In of 48 states had laws that required racial segregation.
In the school year, for every dollar spent on a white child only 24 cents was allotted for a black student.
(Courtesy of South Carolina Department of Archives and History)

3. southern states enacted literacy tests poll taxes
Taking away the vote
southern states enacted
literacy tests
poll taxes
elaborate registration systems
Grandfather Clauses

4. Taking away the vote The laws proved very effective.
In Mississippi, fewer than 9,000 of the 147,000 voting-age African Americans were registered after 1890.
In Louisiana, where more than 130,000 black voters had been registered in 1896, the number had plummeted to 1,342 by 1904.

5. Voter Purges 1961-1963 Louisiana “purged” unqualified voters.
90% of registered blacks removed from files.
Loss of jobs, beaten and threatened.
Mississippi retaliated for voter registration drive, surplus food cut off.

6. Voter Purges
Mississippi = 24,000 black registered voters out of 400,000 voting age blacks and only 5% of black voters actually voted.
Selma, Alabama – 156/15,000 voting age blacks were on the voter rolls.

7. SEPARATE, BUT EQUAL? State White Black Alabama $34.25 $12.20 Arkansas
 $34.25
 $12.20
Arkansas
 $23.93
 $11.17
Florida
 $51.96
 $23.09
Georgia
 $40.50
 $13.92
Louisiana
 $51.78
 $14.93
Mississippi
 $31.33
 $6.64
North Carolina
 $34.63
 $23.60
South Carolina
 $42.00
 $13.81
Texas
 $53.09
 $29.36
Nine-state average
 $40.39
 $16.52

8. 1960 Only 765 of the South’s 7,000 school districts were desegregated
Only 7% of black students in the South attended integrated schools
No schools in South Carolina, Alabama, or Georgia had been integrated.
Schools in Prince Edward, Virginia, closed in 1959 would remain closed until 1963.

9. White school in Summerton
The county provided 30 buses to bring white children to larger and better-equipped facilities. White children from the Summerton area attended this red brick building with a separate lunchroom and science laboratories.
Most rural black schools had neither electricity nor running water
The community’s initial demand was small—a bus for children who had to walk up to nine miles to school.

12. Chicago
June 12, 1954
landmarkcases.org

13. Richmond
May 22, 1954
landmarkcases.org