1. Population Geography
For the 1st 200,000 years of modern man emergence from Africa-the population grew very slowly, then as the last ice age ended and the amount of habitable space expanded, population began to grow.

2. Population
Demographics is the study of human population distribution and migration.
Key Issues of Demographics are:
Food Supply
Health and life expectancy
Status of women
Migration
Food Supply-in the 1960s the fear of rapid population growth outpacing food supply was a main concern.
The Green Revolution helped to ease the gap by introducing higher yield strains of rice, wheat and corn. Scientists continue to warn that an increase in population and the increased consumption of meat could lead to a global food crisis.
Health-infant mortality, child mortality and over all life expectancies are concerns of demographers.
Women-efforts to curb population growth have the greatest impact on women-some societies practice female infanticide or female children are malnourished or deprived of care. Where women are educated-birth rates decline.
Migration-the movement of millions of people across international boundaries and internal migration to evade poverty or war or environmental disasters are also concerns of demographers.
(train in Jakarta, Indonesia-one of the world’s most populous cities with 11 million people)

3. Earth: The Apple of Our Eye Activity
Slice an apple into quarters-remove ¾=oceans
Slice the quarter left (land) into 4 pieces set aside 3 = 2/3 are too rocky, wet, cold or covered by cities
1/32 left –peel the remaining piece=the topsoil surface that can grow food
People are NOT distributed evenly across the Earth. Population is clustered in the mid latitude climates and relatively sparse in the dry and polar climates or the highlands.

4. Distribution- ¾ of the world’s population lives on only 5% of the land
Distribution- ¾ of the world’s population lives on only 5% of the land. Very uneven distribution was intensified in the 20th cent. as population soared. 2/3 of the pop. lives near an ocean or river.
Carrying capacity-the number of people that can be supported in an area given the technology of production.
Density-the measure of the number of people per square mile/kilometer, etc.
Arithmetic density-total number of people divided by the total land area. It is the most common statistic given.
Physiologic density-is the number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land.
Distribution-arable land is only a fraction of the Earth’s surface-
Often population maps are shown by using dots to represent populations.
We have always been unevenly distributed-but the uneven distribution intensified in the 20th century.
Numbers are very important-every 10 years since 1790 the US govt. has done an official nation-wide census or count of the population to determine representation in Congress and the distribution of federal aid. Mayors of big cities have been upset in recent years since inner cities are notoriously undercounted in the census. Why? The US Census Bureau also gathers world population data. United Nations officials also keeps statistics as does the World Bank and the Population Reference Bureau.
Growth rates, health and food availability are often estimates and are subject to error and inconsistency.

5. World Population Cartogram Countries named have at least 50 million

6. Asia India has reached 1 billion and rising.
China imposed 1 child policy in the 1980s and growth rate dropped from 1.2% to 1% by late 1990s, but has 1.3 billion.
East Asia as a whole has a growth rate of .9% which is half the rate of 20 years ago.
Top Kolkata, India street scene
Bottom-China’s One Child Policy Poster

7. Geography of Demography
State of Maharashatra planned to sterilize anyone with over 3 children-a riot erupted-plan was dropped.
Today advertising to encourage families to have fewer children-a low key, noncompulsory approach.
Some Indian states have over 100 m. more than many countries
Religious diversity makes a national population policy difficult

8. Demographic cycles of population growth
Stage 1 High Stationary Growth with high birth rates 40/1000 or higher and high death rates.
Stage 2 Early Expanding with high birth rates and declining death rates (birth 40s/death 20/1000) = rapid growth in pop.
Stage 3 Late Expanding with declining birth rates (30s) and low death rates (10) = still significant growth
Stage 4 Low Stationary has low birth rates and low death rates (birth 15 and death 10 or lower) SPL Stationary Population Level
Stage 1 has virtually no growth rate with very high birth and death rates. Most of human existence was in Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition model. Today no country is in this category.
Stage 2 has rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates to produce population growth. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries several countries moved to stage 2 as the Industrial Revolution took place. Europe and North America entered Stage 2 about 1800, but Africa, Asia and South America did not reach stage 2 until around Africa, Asia and Latin America reached Stage 2 not because of an Industrial Revolution, but a medical revolution invented in Europe and North America and diffused to these places.
Stage 3 European and North American countries moved from Stage 2 to Stage 3 in the first half of the 20th cent. Most of Asia and Latin America moved to Stage 3 in the last half of the 20th cent. while Africa remained in Stage 2. Nations enter Stage 3 when people decide to have fewer kids since living in cities and working in factories or offices requires fewer people.
Stage 4 When the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate zero population growth is achieved or Stage 4.
Some argue that this model is useful only to study the demographic history of the core countries.

9. Crude death rate-the number of deaths per 1,000 each year.
Crude birth rate-the number of births per 1,000 each year.
Natural increase (NIR)rate-the % by which a population grows in a year. Computed by subtracting the % of CBR-CDR.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) the number of children born to women of childbearing age-usually reported as a percentage.
Dependency ratio-the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people old enough to work.
Crude Birth Rate is the total number of live births in a year per 1,000 people in a society. A crude birth rate of 20 means that for every 1,000 people in a country-20 babies are born over a one-year period.
Crude Death rate is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people.
Natural increase rate is the percentage by which a country grows each year. If the CBR is 20 and the CDR is 5 the NIR is 15 per 1000 or 1.5 this excludes migration or immigration.

10. Population Pyramids –
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender.
For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid. Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.

11. Population Pyramids
Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender.
For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided vase. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.

12. Population Policies
Under Mao, China refused to cooperate in pop. Control-viewed it as a “capitalist plot”
Soviets in 1970s promoted population growth due to the loss of 26 million in WWII, Stalin exterminated another 30 million farmers, political opponents, etc.-gave awards for women with 10 or more kids.
US Reagan, a conservative, refused to support family planning

13. Population Policies
Expansive Policies or Pro-Natalist policies encourage large families e.g. Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Soviet Union & Ceausescu’s Romania & Mao’s China.
Eugenic Population Policy-Nazi Germany favored “Aryans” over mentally ill or other undesirables.
The Nazis tried to breed the super race of Nordic or Aryan types.
Eugenics-science devoted to improving the human race through heredity=control who mates with who.
An SS banner flies over a lebensborn where babies born of good German girls and SS officers were cared for.

14. Population Policies
Restrictive or Anti-Natalist Policies discourage births.
Policies vary- e.g. despite Vatican policies, most Catholic Italians practice artificial birth control-Philippines (only Asian Catholic country) a different case-govt. restricts birth control.
Some countries have learned that industrialization & urbanization do as much as government policy in controlling births.

15. Geography of Demography
Mao Zedong encouraged population growth-after his death Deng Xiaping called for control
1979 launched the One Child Policy with goal of stabilizing at 1.2 billion by end of 20th cent.
1970s growth rate 2.4%
1985 growth rate 1.1%
After 1982 more serious enforcement-mandatory contraception after 1st child.
If a 2nd child was born-parents were sterilized.

16. Geography of Demography
Recognized minorities (3%) of pop. were exempt
Many rural Chinese defied rule, hid pregnant women, failed to register births, prevented inspectors from visiting rural villages.
Government took drastic action:
Violators were fired
Land was confiscated
Lost all benefits
Pregnant women were arrested & forced to have abortions
Harbin Hospital nurse checks newborns.
In some areas a second or third child resulted in 10% reduction in income until kid is 14 yrs old.

17. Geography of Demography
First 6 years 70 million abortions
1980s about 20 million sterilizations a year-3X as many women as men.
Party Members were birth control police-got cash and promotion for enforcing the laws.
1984 One Child Policy was relaxed in the countryside-a couple with a daughter-2nd child after 4 years.

18. Geography of Demography
Corruption a major problem-permitted to evade rule-bribe.
Fertility rates are rising as the rules are relaxed.
One Child Policy was practical-but rural tradition opposed the rule
Drive for Zero Population Growth eroded the traditions of Chinese society.
Female infanticide a common occurrence.
Bottom Chinese woman recently released from jail for having 2nd child

19. Attendants or “pushers” on the Japan Train system.
Despite having a declining population, Japan has a very high population density.

20. Low Growth in Denmark
Since the 1970s, with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children.

21. Japan has a problem of an aging population & low birth rates.
Japanese govt. bars immigration of foreign workers-solution automation-but it won’t solve the problem of an aging population.
Singapore imposed a campaign of sterilization & abortion to curb growth-it worked.
Picture at right-Singapore sky line and harbor

22. THE END