1. GENETICS
Brainstorm!

2. c

3. Mendel’s studies lead him to conclude that
traits are passed on as distinct units (genes).

4. Artificial selection = selective breeding
What tool did Greggor Mendel develop?
Define dominant & recessive allele
What are the principles of dominance?
BB=
Bb=
bb=

5. Explain probability & how geneticist use it.

6. Simple dominance
What other types of dominance are there?

7. Simple dominance
What 3 terms describe these genotypes?
B = Brown eyes
B = blue eyes
What other types of dominance are there?

8. codominance

9. codominance
A=white
B=black
AB= black and white hairs called roan

10. Incomplete dominance

11. Incomplete dominance
R R RR WW RW W RR RW RW WW
R W R W

12. autosomal trait vs sex-linked trait

13. Autosomal traits are carried on the
Autosomal chromosomes (all but the sex
chromosomes)
Sex-linked traits are carried on one of the
sex chromosomes, X or Y.

14. Sex linked traits are carried on one of the
sex chromosomes.

15. Sex linked carried on the X
Why do male express sex linked traits
more often than females?

16. What tool do geneticists use to chart
inheritance through several generations?
It can be used to show;
patterns of inheritance
how traits are passed
if trait is dominant or recessive

17. What do we know about the parents if
shaded in = recessive trait expressed?
What are some recessive diseases?
Is this a sex-linked or autosomal trait?

18. What type of trait would cause a pattern of
inheritance like this?

19. What type of trait would cause a pattern of
inheritance like this?
What are their
genotypes?
Sex linked on X chromosome.
How do you know its on the X chromosome?

20. Why would Mendel’s principles apply to
All living things?
What is the molecule of inheritance?

21. Contrast # of chromosomes in body cells
and gametes.

22. What is the name of the process for each ?
What are the products of each?
How and why are they different?

23. Which circle represents a gamete?
How do you know

24. Mitosis makes 2 diploid body (somatic) cells
that are genetically identical.
Meiosis makes 4 haploid sex cells (gametes)
that are genetically different.

25. Mutations are a change in the genetic code.
these can occur when there in a change
in a gene or a whole chromosome.
types of mutations
substitution
deletion
point mutation
frame shift mutation
Chromosomes can be added or deleted by
nondisjunction during meiosis.

26. Nondisjuction results in gametes having
the wrong number of chromosomes.

27. mutation = change in DNA =
change in genotype EE RR =
change in phenotype.

28. How many traits does a gene mutation
effect?
How many traits does a chromosomal
Mutation effect?
Why?
Is one always better than the other?

29. Define selective breeding
What are 2 techniques of selective breeding?

30. Inbreeding vs hybridization
Which technique provides more variety?
Which technique provides specific traits
more often?
What is the advantage to more variety?

31. X =
Is this more likely
to be inbreeding
or hybridization?

32. X = Is this more likely to be inbreeding or hybridization?
Which type of breeding
makes more variety?

33. X =
Pure bred vs hybrid

35. 3 causes of genetic variation =
mutation
sexual reproduction
gene shuffling

36. Genetic Engineering – humans changing
the genetic code.

37. Steps of Genetic Modification using recombinant DNA technology
Genetic Modification -Occurs when humans
manipulate an organism’s genetic make-up.
1.Identify the gene for the desired trait and extract
it from the DNA.
2.Insert this gene into a bacteria cell’s genetic
material and let the bacteria reproduce.
3.Remove the modified genetic material from
many bacteria cells and insert it into a plant
cell or zygote.
4.Allow the organism to grow and develop and
produce new offspring that carry the trait.
All cells of the new offspring should have the
desired trait.

39. When a DNA sequence, or gene, from one
organism is incorporated into another
organism the modified organism is called
a transgenic organism.

40. Transgenic mice & fish

41. What is the process called when an exact
genetic copy of an organism is made?

42. What is this
process called.
How is it done?

43. autosomal chromosomes
sex chromosomes

44. Evolution
brainstorm

46. It appeared at first that there were many
different kinds of birds… but on closer
inspection many of the different species
of birds were all descended from finches.

47. X = Natural variation from sexual reproduction,
mutations, and gene shuffling means
that not everyone in a species is identical.
In artificial selection humans choose who
survives and reproduces.

48. In Natural Selection nature chooses who
survives and reproduces.
What are the 4 mechanical steps of
evolution through natural selection?

49. 1.Living things over reproduce:
More babies are born then survive.
2.There is variation among the offspring.
gene shuffling ( sexual reproduction)
mutations
3.Struggle to survive (competition)
4.Those that survive have the chance
to reproduce.

50. Those that have the genetic traits to survive
in that environment reproduce and make the
next generation.
Individuals that survive and reproduce are
said to be “fit” or exhibit “fitness”

51. Evidence of Evolution
brainstorm

52. Evidence of Evolution
comparative embryology
homologous structures
fossil record
vestigial structures
DNA comparisons
This evidence supports the
idea of a common ancestor.

53. Fossil records are often
missing links of evolution.
Darwin saw how fossils
show that earth is very old.

54. The more
similar 2
species are
the more
recently
they shared
a common ancestor.

55. 1. More offspring are created than survive.
2. There is variation among the offspring,
Due to sexual reproduction & gene shuffling
and mutation
3. There is a struggle to survive.
(Competition)
4. The individuals that are best suited to the
Environment (fit) survive and the future
generations look like them.

57. Main source of inheritable variation.

58. Main sources of inheritable variation.

59. Bacteria, which reproduce asexually, can
use a process called lateral gene transfer
in which some genes are swapped (like
trading cards) between 2 individuals. This
process gives bacteria more variety and
promotes antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

60. Natural selection on traits that are coded
for by one gene (single gene traits) can
cause a change in the allele frequency
causing a change in the phenotype
frequency. ?

61. Natural selection on traits that are coded
for by one gene (single gene traits) can
cause a change in the allele frequency
causing a change in the phenotype
frequency.

62. Natural selection on polygenic traits
(many genes for 1 trait) can affect relative
fitness causing 1 of 3 types of selection…

64. According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle
what 5 conditions are required for genetic
equilibrium?
In other words what is required to prevent
evolution from occurring.

65. Conditions required for genetic equilibrium
(no evolution).
random mating for each mating
large population
no immigration or emigration
no mutations
no natural selection
(death only caused by old age)

66. Conditions that promote evolution.
nonrandom mating
(choosing who to mate with)
small populations
immigration or emigration
mutations
natural selection
One or more of these usually occurs in
real populations.

67. Speciation
How can new species come from existing
species?
Brainstorm

68. How can new species come from existing
Reproductive Isolation gives rise to new
species.
What are 3 mechanisms that can prevent
individuals from the same species from
breeding with each other?

69. Behavioral Isolation: Behavior is a turn off.
Geographic Isolation: They cant get together
due to things like distance, bodies of water,
mountain ranges, and deep valleys.
Temporal Isolation: Work different shifts and
don’t get to meet each other.

70. Behavioral Isolation: Behavior is a turn off.
Eastern meadowlarks don’t
respond to western
meadowlarks songs.
Geographic Isolation:
They can get together
Temporal Isolation:
Work different shifts.

71. As populations of the species stop interacting their populations experience
different selective pressures causing a shift in the common phenotypes.
Eventually their DNA is so
different if individuals from
the different populations
meet and try to reproduce
they can not or have
unfertile offspring.

72. Genetic engineering might keep emu tooth genes turned on