1. Anaerobic Conditioning Some Thoughts For Team Sports Dr. Moran EXS 558 11.16.05

2. Lecture Outline Review Physiological Adaptations from Anaerobic Training Training Specificity Examples (Basketball, Football) Anaerobic Conditioning Exercises

3. Physiology Review Positive Adaptations from Anaerobic Training Program transformation of type II fibers to a more glycolytic subtype (spectrum) elevations of glycolytic enzymes (e.g. PFK) in maximum blood lactate concentrations [blood lactate] during submax exercise intensities Improved buffering capacity

4. Training Specificity Training Design It if first necessary to determine the energy demands of the athletes you are coaching GOAL: to bring each athlete to their optimal level of conditioning for their SPECIFIC event Sport Energy Demands Limited research studies have been conducted on team sports such as football or basketball Studies have been conduced analyzing Intensity of exercise # of consecutive plays # of grouped plays Length of rest between plays These descriptive activity measures can be used to construct a more meaningful training program

5. Energy Requirements Basketball McInnes et al. (1995) 8 movement categories 997±183 changes in a 48 min basketball game Change of movement every 2 seconds Movement breakdown Shuffle = 34.6% Running = 31.2% Jumps = 4.6% Standing/Walking = 29.6% High intensity movement every 21 seconds High intensity movement = 15% of total playing time HR > 85% for 75% of actual playing time HR > 95% for 15% of actual playing time [Blood Lactate] = 6.8±2.8 mmol

6. Energy Requirements Basketball Hoffman et al. (1996) Speed and anaerobic performance variables were positively correlated with increased playing time Therefore training should contain a large amount of anaerobic conditioning Research Study

7. Methods of Assessing Anaerobic Power Anaerobic capacity maximal amount of ATP resynthesized via anaerobic metabolism (by the whole organism) during a specific mode of short-duration maximal exercise Despite problems interpreting the physiological meaning of maximal blood lactate levels (due primarily to acute changes in blood volume), this measure is still used in both research and athletic settings to describe anaerobic capacity. Its use is supported by (a) the high correlations observed between maximal blood lactate and short- duration exercise performance presumably dependent upon anaerobic capacity, and (b) the higher maximal blood lactate values observed in sprint and power athletes (who would demonstrate higher anaerobic capacities) compared with endurance athletes or untrained people Anaerobic Power (unit = watts) Power = (F*D)/T F force generated D distance over which force is applied T time required to perform work Wingate Anaerobic Power Test Typically performed on a cycle ergometer because power can be measured in precise units Evaluates both ATP-PC and glycolytic energy system Designed to determine the power of both peak anaerobic power and mean power output over 30 seconds. Peak anaerobic power is determined based on the peak number of revolutions performed during any single 5- second interval of the test, and represents the power of the ATP- CP system. Mean anaerobic power is determined based on the number of revolutions performed over the entire 30 seconds, and represents the maximal capacity to produce to produce ATP via a combination of the ATP-CP and glycolytic systems. The decline in power output over 30 seconds and can be used as an index of fatigue, and is usually expressed as a percentage of peak anaerobic power. Good for cyclying but can you apply to sprinting?

8. Methods of Assessing Anaerobic Power (cont) Football Field Test 40 Indirect measure of ATP-PC system Margaria-Kalamen Power Test Explanation of Test Factors affecting test (abstract)abstract Sargeant Jump Test Vertical jump Line Test (basketball)

9. Energy Requirements Football Specific responsibilities vary considerably between positions BUT all players must perform maximally each play Energy Requirements 90% ATP-PC (over-estimate?) Remaining contribution from glycolytic energy system Kraemer & Gotshalk 2000 Specific Demands D-III Game ObservationsTotal Number Plays Observed1193 Series Observed259 Series per game14.4 Plays per series4.6 % of series greater than 6 plays 31.2% % of series greater than 10 plays 8.1%

10. Anaerobic Exercise Prescription Football Kraemer & Gotshalk 2000 College Game Average play 5.5s (range 1.87-12.88) Average rest 32.7s Optimal Work/Rest Ratio 1/5 Incorporate successful and unsuccesful drive (Plisk & Gambetta 1997) A Physiological Review of American Football Pincivero & Bompa (1997)

11. A Physiologic Review of American Football Is 32.7 seconds enough time to fully replenish PC? PC supply depleted after about 30 seconds ½ recovered in 20-30 seconds Last ½ could take another 20 minutes Takahashi et al. (1995): following isolated quad exercises PC stores replenished ranged from 55-90 secondsTakahashi et al. (1995): There may be a greater reliance on glycolytic than the 10% as has been previously reported

12. Cardiovascular Fitness for Football? VO 2 max College football players have similar values as age-matched controls Would adding a cardiovascular component help players? Majority of injuries occur in the 2 nd and 4 th quarter Endurance training has been shown to allow athletes the ability to replenish intramuscular PC following a severe quadriceps activity (Takahashi et al. 1995) Prevent injuries Reduce heat illnesses in summer training Healthier life after football

13. Anaerobic Conditioning Exercises These are intended to improve speed-endurance Interval Sprints Work/Rest ratio can be manipulated Can be performed on a track or playing surface Standing start or Flying start Creative: repetition relays Effect on Anaerobic Capacity Fartlek Alternating sprint with jogging used as a rest Creative: indian runs