1. The Cardiovascular System
Chapter 5

2. Functions Pumps blood to all parts of the body
Transports oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
Returns waste products from these tissues to the kidneys
Carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs

3. Structures
Heart
-hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity
Pericardium (peri =surrounding)
-double wall membrane that encloses the heart
Epicardium (epi = upon)
-external layer of the heart and inner layer of the
pericardium
Myocardium (myo = muscle)
-middle and thickest layer of the heart
Endocardium (endo = within)
-inner lining of the heart consisting of epithelial tissue
p. 134 fig 5.4

4. The Chambers of the Heart
Atria: the two upper chambers of the heart
Chambers divided by interatrial septum
Receiving chambers
Singular form is atrium
Ventricles: the two lower chambers of the heart
Chambers divided by interventricular septum
Thicker because the pump blood to the entire body

5. Valves of the Heart
Tricuspid valve: controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle (tri = three points)
Pulmonary semilunar valve: located between
right ventricle and pulmonary artery (pulmonary =
lungs, semilunar = half moon)
Aortic semilunar valve: located between left ventricle and aortic (aortic = aorta, semilunar = half moon)
Mitral valve (bicuspid) : control the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle (bi = two points)
p. 134 fig.5.5

6. Anterior Cross-Section of the Heart

7. Blood Vessels Arteries
Largest vessels and carry blood away form the body
Muscular that can expand and contract
Bright red blood (why)
Carotid arteries that carry blood to the head
-common carotid-located on side of the neck
-internal carotid-oxygen rich blood to the brain
-external carotid-blood to the face

8. Blood Vessels cont. Capillaries Veins
Smallest blood vessels in the body
Allows the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between the blood and cells
Veins
Return oxygen poor blood the the heart
Less elastic but blood flows at increased speed
Contain valves that allow only flow only to the heart
Can be deep of superficial
p. 140 fig. 5.12

9. Blood 55% plasma which contains nutrients, hormones and waste products
45% formed elements
-erythrocytes (RBC)
-leukocytes (WBC)
-thrombocytes (platelets)

10. Major Fluid and Formed Components of Blood

11. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries resulting in
angina pectoris
myocardial infarction
sudden death

12. Cardiac Pathology
ATHEROSCLEROSIS – Build-up of fatty plaque caused by cholesterol
ISCHEMIA – deficiency in blood flow
ANGINA PECTORIS – episodes of chest pain due to inadequate blood flow
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION – Also known as a “coronary”, MI, heart attack is a blockage of blood flow to a coronary artery resulting in death of heart muscle tissue.

14. Myocardial Infarction
Infarction = sudden insufficiency of blood
Damage to the pericardium impairs hearts ability to pump blood
Pain or pressure in center of chest that may spread.
Women are more atypical symptoms i.e. fatigue and weakness

15. Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure
Causes Cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart)
Chronic condition
Decreased pumping actin by the heart which causes congestion and inflammation
Left side HF causes fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), decreased o2 rich blood pumped from the lungs
Right sided HF cause fluid build up throughout the body due to inability to pump blood throughout the rest of the body

16. Abnormal Heart Rhythms
Arrthythmia – loss of normal rhythm of the heartbeat
Asystole (without- contractions)
Bradycardia (slow –heart-abnormal condition)
Tachycardia (rapid-heart-abnormal condition)
Atrial Fibrillation (A-fib)
Normal rhythms of the atrial is replaced by irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall
Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib)
Rapid, irregular, useless contractions of the ventricles.

17. Diseases of Arteries
ANEURYSM – weakened area or balloon-like enlargement of an artery, usually larger ones like the abdominal aorta.
Arteritis – Inflammation of an artery
Polyarteritis – inflammation of many arteries
Arteriosclerosis – Hardening of the arteries

18. Diseases of the veins Phlebitis – inflammation of a vein
Varicose veins – veins swollen due to faulty valves

20. Clots in blood vessels
Embolus – any foreign object circulating in the blood
Thrombus – Blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery
Thrombosis – condition of having a blood clot
Thromboembolus - a clot travelling through the blood stream
Deep Vein Thrombosis – a clot attached to a deep vein which could break off and travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolus)

22. BLOOD DISORDERS Dyscrasia – Abnormal blood condition
Septicemia – Presence of pathogens in the blood
Erythocytosis – excess red blood cells
Thrombocytopenia – Deficiency of clotting cells
Leukopenia – Deficiency in white blood cells
Leukemia – Increase in abnormal white blood cells

23. Cholesterol LDL – low density lipoproteins (BAD)
Fatty substance that travels through the blood stream
LDL – low density lipoproteins (BAD)
-excess contributes to plaque buildup
HDL – high density lipoproteins (GOOD)
-carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing
Triglycerides – a storage form of fat
Hyperlipidemia- (elevated+fat+blood condition)

24. Hypertension Essential-idiopathic or unknown origin
Secondary- due to a specific medical condition
Malignant- sudden onset of severely high blood pressure

25. P 152 – Table 5.3

26. Anti Hypertensive Medications
Direct-acting vasodilators - nitroglycerin
ACE Inhibitors- HTN & CHF interferes with the kidney hormone renin which causes the heart muscle to squeeze
Beta Blockers – vasodilate, slow the heartbeat
Calcium Channel Blockers – less used currently, reduce muscles which squeeze blood vessels tight
Diuretics – rid body of water
Page 154

27. Cardiac medications Nitroglycerin – Vasodilator
Anticoagulant- keeps clots from forming
Antiarrythmic – control irregular heartbeats
Aspirin-decreases risk of clots
Digoxin – slows and strengthens heart muscle
TPA – tissue plasminogen activator – dissolves clots

28. Clearing Blocked Arteries
Balloon angioplasty – Insertion of a catheter with a balloon tip to open up a closed artery (angio +plasty)
Stent – a mesh like device placed to keep the artery open
Atherectomy – Removal of the atheromatous plaque
Endarterectomy – removal of the inner lining of the artery that is filled with plaque

29. Fig 5.24, P 155
A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to an atherosclerotic plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.

30. Fig 5.23 P 155 Balloon angioplasty

31. CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Page 156
-vein from leg or chest is implanted to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve blood flow.
Page 156

34. Cardiovascular System
Pop Quiz
Chapter 5

35. Pop Question 1 The systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood:
Toward the lungs
Away from the lungs
Toward the heart
Away from the heart

36. Answer 1 The systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood:
Toward the lungs
Away from the lungs
Toward the heart
Away from the heart

37. Pop Question 2 The myocardium is the: Outer sac around the heart
Muscle layer of the heart wall
Wall down the middle of the heart
Inner lining of the heart chambers

38. Answer 2 The myocardium is the: Outer sac around the heart
Muscle layer of the heart wall
Wall down the middle of the heart
Inner lining of the heart chambers

39. Pop Question 3 An upper chamber in the heart is called a(n): Ventricle
Septum
Atrium
Apex

40. Answer 3 An upper chamber in the heart is called a(n): Ventricle
Septum
Atrium
Apex

41. Pop Question 4
The ______ valve is located between the left atrium and ventricle.
Mitral
Pulmonary
Aortic
Tricuspid

42. Answer 4
The ______ valve is located between the left atrium and ventricle.
Mitral
Pulmonary
Aortic
Tricuspid

43. Pop Question 5 The ____________ is the pacemaker for the heart.
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

44. Answer 5 The ____________ is the pacemaker for the heart.
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

45. Pop Question 6 These form a network of tiny blood vessels. Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries

46. Answer 6 These form a network of tiny blood vessels. Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries

47. Pop Question 7
Which term refers to hardening of the walls of arteries?
Arteriostenosis
Atherosclerosis
Arteriorrhexis
Arteriosclerosis

48. Answer 7 Which term refers to hardening of the walls of arteries?
Arteriostenosis
Atherosclerosis
Arteriorrhexis
Arteriosclerosis

49. Pop Question 8 Which term means an enlarged heart? Cardiomalacia
Cardiology
Cardiomegaly
Bradycardia

50. Answer 8 Which term means an enlarged heart? Cardiomalacia Cardiology
Cardiomegaly
Bradycardia

51. Pop Question 9 A __________ is an abnormal heart sound. Plaque Murmur
Stent
Palpitation

52. Answer 9 A __________ is an abnormal heart sound. Plaque Murmur Stent
Palpitation

53. Pop Question 10
An area of tissue that undergoes necrosis is called a(n):
Infarct
Stent
Bruit
Ischemia

54. Answer 10 An area of tissue that undergoes necrosis is called a(n):
Infarct
Stent
Bruit
Ischemia

55. Pop Question 11 Severe chest pain is called: Cardiac arrest
Heart attack
Angina pectoris
Pericarditis

56. Answer 11 Severe chest pain is called: Cardiac arrest Heart attack
Angina pectoris
Pericarditis

57. Pop Question 12
This condition occurs when the heart muscle is too weak to pump effectively.
Cardiac arrest
Fibrillation
Cardiomyopathy
Congestive heart failure

58. Answer 12
This condition occurs when the heart muscle is too weak to pump effectively.
Cardiac arrest
Fibrillation
Cardiomyopathy
Congestive heart failure

59. Pop Question 13 A weakened and enlarged artery is called a(n):
Hemorrhoid
Aneurysm
Polyarteritis
Varicosity

60. Answer 13 A weakened and enlarged artery is called a(n): Hemorrhoid
Aneurysm
Polyarteritis
Varicosity

61. Pop Question 14
A(n) ____________ is a blood clot that has broken off from somewhere else in the body.
Embolus
Hemangioma
Thrombus
Thrombophlebitis

62. Answer 14
A(n) ____________ is a blood clot that has broken off from somewhere else in the body.
Embolus
Hemangioma
Thrombus
Thrombophlebitis

63. Pop Question 15
Which of the following diagnostic tests uses radioactive thallium?
Angiography
Doppler ultrasonography
Cardiac scan
Venography