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Obesity
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The Issues We have to eat Food Some don’t eat enough
Some use food for coping
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Eating The primary function of eating is to obtain and to store energy
Food contains carbohydrates, fat, protein, minerals Digestion breaks down ingested nutrients and stores as energy Glycogen (short-term) Triglyceride (long-term)
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Prevalence of Obesity
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Measuring Obesity >20% of “ideal” body weight for males
>30% of “ideal” body weight for females Body Mass Index Weight/(Height)2 BMI >30 = obesity
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Diagnosis: Causes of Obesity
Hypothyroidism Cushing's Syndrome Medications (antipsychotics,antidepressants) Other Rare causes: Prada-Willi syndrome (1/20,000) Non-pathological - 99%
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Obesity Trends Among U. S
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults (BMI > 30) BRFSS, 1991, 1995, and 2000 1991 1995 2000 No Data <10% %-14% % 20%
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Health Risks of Excessive Fat
Impaired cardiac function Hypertension, stroke, and deep vein thrombosis Increased insulin resistance in children and adults and type 2 diabetes (80% of these patients are overweight) Renal disease Sleep apnea Osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, gout Endometrial, prostrate. breast, colon cancers Abnormal plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels Menstrual irregularities Gallbladder disease
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Not to Mention Enormous psychological burden and social stigmatization and discrimination
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Pathways to Obesity Fat intake (“cafeteria” diet)
Inactivity (25% get regular exercise) Metabolic issues Overeating “Thrifty genome” Alcohol intake Combinations of above
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The Development of Obesity
The Setpoint Model - Physiological The Positive Incentive Model – Behavioral Personal pleasure Social context Biological factors Food availability and type
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Dieting Food Restriction Behavior Modification Exercise
Last options – Surgery, drugs
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