1. 1. Carbohydrates Organic = Carbon!
Organic compound composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Monomers – glucose
Polymer – starch
-ose = sugar
2 sugars = disaccharide
3 or more = polysaccharide
Used for…
short term energy storage
Plants = celluose

4. 2. Lipids
Have a large amount of Carbon and Hydrogen with little or no oxygen (long chains)
Are Fats, Waxes, and Oils
Monomers – glycerol & fatty acids
Polymer – Lipid
Can be of 2 types…
Saturated: Single Bonds
Animal Fats (harder to digest)
Unsaturated: Double Bonds
Vegetable oils (easier to digest)
Used for…
Long term energy storage
Protection
Insulation

6. 3. Nucleic Acids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and 2 Phosphorus atoms arranged in 3 groups:
Monomers:
A Nitrogen Base
Simple Sugar
A Phosphate group
Polymer – nucleotide
Used for…
cellular information in a code called DNA or RNA.
Example: A, T, G, C

8. 4. Proteins Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur
Monomers = amino acids
Polymers = proteins
Provide structure for cells, tissues and organs.
Carries out cell metabolism (enzymes)
Proteins vary the most in structure because of the variable their amino acid makeup. (20 essential)
Proteins can be destroyed by extreme heat (fever) = denature

10. Enzymes
Enzymes enable molecules called to undergo a chemical reaction with specific substrates and form new substances called products.
Energy can be exothermic (release heat, energy) or endothermic (require heat, energy)
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
They lower activation energy
The substrate enters the active site which becomes the enzyme-substrate complex
Active Site – special part of the of the enzyme in which chemical reactions take place.
Can be damaged by extreme temperature (denatured)
Leave the reaction unchanged and ready to catalyze the next reaction.

12. Enzyme Characteristics
Enzymes are catalytic proteins.
1. Speed up reaction rate but do not change the reaction
2. Enzymes are very specific.
3. Enzymes work like
locks & keys
Example: Lactose and Lactase
4. Enzymes are unchanged.
5. Enzymes are sensitive to changes in temperature and pH.
6. The suffix –ase means an enzyme
Example: lactase, sucrase
cellulase, maltase…