1. Development & Disparity
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2. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL DISPARITY
Poverty can be defined as a state of being deprived of the essentials of well-being such as adequate housing, food, sufficient income, employment, access to required social services and social status. Poverty determines a person quality of life.
Life expectancy is the average number of years that individuals are expected to live depending on where and when they are born and spend their lives. It is based on current patterns of mortality. May be derived on national, regional or local scale. This indicator reflects environmental conditions in a country, the health of its people, the quality of care they receive when they are sick, and their living conditions.
Gender is defined as a set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females, in a given social group or system. They are usually culturally defined roles and responsibilities for females and males that are learned, may change over time, and vary among societies.

3. Global Disparities in Income

5. Global Income :1960 - 1998 Year Share of the richest 20%
Share of the poorest 20%
1960
70.20 %
2.30%
1970
73.90 %
1980
76.30%
1.70 %
1990
82.70 %
1.40 %
1998
86 %
1.30% ?
First World ( Western Capitalist ) – US, Japan ,Australia, New Zealand
Second World( Socialist countries ) – Middle East
Third World – Latin America , Caribbean

6. Jubilee 2000 : Debt Relief
Third world nations owe 6.8 billion in arrears to the US.
Guyana, the average income is 829 while the accumulated foreign debt calculated per person is 2, 278.
The Mozambique government spends four times as much money on debt payments than on health care.

7. World Bank formerly ( IBRD)
Consist of 155 member countries (formerly called International Bank for Reconstruction and Development )
Eight (8) president all Americas – voting is dependent on weight of each country’s share.
Highest shareholder of the bank ( America)
US Foreign Aid – independent of the IMF and IBRD ( 321billion in assistance since world war 2 ).
Late 1940’s and 50’s – aid to war damaged countries : very little attention to developing countries.
1960’s – attention shift to poverty in the third world.
1970’s – oil crises set many import dependent countries back; many poor nations were forced to borrow money to meet rising costs.
1980’s – debt crisis lead to heavy assistance.
Today – Structural Adjustment Program (guidance to build strong economies )..

8. Solution – Free Trade
Lowering tariffs, industrialized nations are opening the door for poorer nation to have equal opportunity in the strongest global markets
Equal participation in markets equal less dependence
Increased influx of goods and services in the US economy

9. Global Disparities in Poverty

12. Anyone without a set of minimum necessities or essentials for living is said to be in absolute poverty.
Relative poverty describes a person as poor in comparison to other members of their society.
Poverty line is a measure of the level of income necessary to subsist in a society and varies from place to place and time to time depending on the cost of living.

13. Percentage of people living below poverty line
Europe and Central Asia – 3.5 %
Latin America and the Caribbean – 23.5 %
Sub Saharan Africa – 38.5 %
Middle East and North Africa – 4.1 %
South Asia – 43.1 %

14. The richest 225 people in the world have a combined wealth of over 1 trillion ; this equal to the total annual income of the poorest 47% of the world.
4.4 billion people live in developing countries. Three fifths lack basic sanitation
More than 1.3 billion people live on less than 1 dollar per day.
The richest 20% of the world consumes 86% of the world’s goods and services; the poorest 20% consumes 1.3 %.
One percent of the world’s population has a college education

15. Causes of Poverty Trade Debt War and Civil Unrest Agricultural cycles
Natural Disasters
Health & Diseases

16. Social and Environmental Impacts of Poverty
Environmental Degradation
Warfare
Social Inequality
Creation of squatter settlements
Increase in crime
Strain on the country’s economic resources
Retardation of development
Fewer incentives for investment
High birth rate/death rate

17. Solutions to Eliminating Poverty
Share the benefits of economic growth through an emphasis on more widespread employment.
Get rid of corruption, which harms society as a whole.
Broaden access to education and technology among marginalized groups and especially among girls and women.
Improve government capacity to provide universal access to essential goods and services.

18. Global Disparities in Education

19. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). 2004
UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)  Global Education Digest Montreal: UIS

21. Compared to primary education, girls are not as disadvantaged in secondary education. On the contrary, in many countries the enrollment of boys lags behind that of girls.
This is the case in 29 of 34 countries in Latin America and in 32 of 34 industrialized countries.
The opposite is true in West and Central Africa: in 11 of the 12 countries with data in this region, girls have lower enrollment rates than boys.
Overall, in 96 countries girls are favored and in 45 countries boys are favored.
In eight countries, the secondary school NER of girls is 10 percentage points or more above that of boys: Suriname (22% difference in NER), St. Lucia (18%), St. Kitts and Nevis (17%), Mongolia (13%), Dominican Republic and Namibia (12%), and the Philippines and St. Vincent and the Grenadines (10%).
In eight other countries, the secondary school NER of boys is 10 percentage points or more above that of girls: Yemen (26% difference), Togo (19%); Benin, Equatorial Guinea, Iraq, and Tajikistan (14%); Guinea (11%), and Cambodia (10%). In 63 countries, the difference between the male and female NER is in the range ±3%.

22. Global Disparities in Life Expectancy

25. Stark inequalities are evident
Stark inequalities are evident. While Japan had the highest HALE, with an average of 75 years, Sierra Leone had an average HALE of just 28.55 years.
In general HALE figures are highest in countries in the northern hemisphere and lowest in war-torn countries of sub-Saharan Africa.
Within all of these countries there are also internal disparities between rich and poor.
It found that among men, the total burden of disease in the European region for the year 2000 is largely attributable to the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. 
Global life expectancy improved significantly during the Twentieth Century, especially in developed countries. Life expectancy at birth in the UK was 47 years in 1901.
At the end of the century it was 77.5 years, an increase of over 64 per cent. These gains were due largely to the eradication and control of numerous infectious diseases and to advances in agricultural technologies such as chemical fertilisers. 
These increases, however, have not been universal. Due to the effects of HIV/AIDS life expectancy has actually declined recently in many sub-Saharan African countries. Average life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa is now 47 years, when it could have been 62 without AIDS.
Similarly, since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1989, male life expectancy in Russia has dropped by 6 years to from 65 years in 1989 to 59 in 2005. 

26. Measures of Global Disparities
Gross National Product –
Gross Domestic Product -
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a method of measuring the relative purchasing power of different countries’ currencies over the same type of goods and services.
Human Poverty Index (HPI) measures deprivation in basic human development.
The variables used here to calculate HPI are percentages of adults who are illiterate, and the overall percentage of people without access to health services and safe water and the percentage of under-weight children under five.
Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite of three basic components of human development: longevity, knowledge and standard of living.
Longevity is measured by life expectancy.
Knowledge is measured by a combination of adult literacy and mean years of schooling.
Standard of living is measured by purchasing power, based on real GDP per capita adjusted for the local cost of living.

27. THE END