1. Eastern Europe

3. 9 March 1989 – 27 April 1992
Peaceful transfer of power, Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Albania
German reunification
Violent transfer of power in Romania
Breakup of the Soviet Union
Breakup of Czechoslovakia in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of conflict
Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
Intensification of the process of European integration
New states created from former Soviet Union
Integration of most former Warsaw Pact members into NATO

4. The Build up 1956 Hungarian Revolt 1968 Prague Spring 1980 Solidarity
Economic Stagnation
1986 Glasnost and Perestroika
Eastern European Resistance

5. Poland

6. Revolution
Solidarity won a partially free election in Poland capturing 99 – 100 Senate seats
Hungary Mass demonstrations on 15 March, the National Day
parliament adopted legislation providing for multi-party parliamentary elections and a direct presidential election

7. Velvet Revolution
17 November 1989, riot police suppressed a peaceful student demonstration in Prague
Protests grew to 200,000 by 17 Nov
Communist government resigned 28 Nov
June 1990 elections held

8. Bulgaria

9. October and November 1989 demonstrations on ecological issues were staged in Sofia
Todor Zhivkov was ousted by his Politburo
succeeded by Petar Mladenov
The new regime repealed restrictions on free speech and assembly
demonstration on 17 November
formation of anti-communist movements
Mladenov announced on 11 December 1989 that the Communist Party would abandon its monopoly on power, and that multiparty elections would be held the following year.

10. Romania

11. Ceauşescu ordered a mass rally in his support outside Communist Party headquarters in Bucharest on 21 December.
the crowd booed and jeered him as he spoke.
22 December, the military changed sides.
Romanian TV broadcasted their execution Dec
The revolution resulted in 1,104 deaths

12. Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and the End of the USSR

13. On 1 July 1991, the Warsaw Pact was officially dissolved
Gorbachev and Bush declared a US–Soviet strategic partnership, decisively marking the end of the Cold War
first Lithuania, and then Estonia, Latvia and Armenia declared independence
Two weeks later, 11 of the remaining 12 republics signed the Alma-Ata Protoco,
Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president on 25 December, and the Supreme Soviet dissolved itself the next day.

14. How did this happen?
Failure of the economic structure to meet the needs of the people
Opening the door, Glasnost and Perestroika
Unwillingness of regimes to use overwhelming force
Domino effect
Pre-communist national identities emerge

15. Beyond Europe All Soviet military troops withdraw from Afghanistan
Collapse of Communism in Mongolia, Ethiopia and Yemen
Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia ends
End of the Cold War

16. Tiananmen Square protests China

18. Democracy did not result in rapid economic improvement
2008 Financial crisis furthered frustrations
Eastern Europeans attracted to leaders who could defend them against outsiders –Immigrants and foreign banks
Nationalism
Illiberal Democracies