1. Chapter 14 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa and Asia
You Will Need Your Textbook
Mr. Aiken: World History
Tuesday, January 8th & Wednesday January 9th

2. Chapter 14, Section 1
The Search for Spices

3. Motivation for Exploration
By the 1400’s Europe’s population was growing along with its demand for more spices.
The Renaissance movement and the religious ideals spreading throughout Europe helped drive the search for new lands and new trade routes for spices that flavored meat, made medicines and perfume.

4. Motivation for Exploration
Chief source of spices was the Moluccas…an island chain in present day Indonesia (once called “Spice Islands”)
1400s  Italian and Arab merchants controlled most trade between Asia and Europe
Several nations wanted to control these lands for the use of spices
Curiosity to seek new lands also a factor

5. Check Point Question #1
What factors encouraged European exploration?

6. Portugal Sails East
Prince Henry led the way in sponsoring exploration for Portugal
His navigators discovered and claimed the islands of Madeira and Azores
Two islands to west and SW of Portugal
1415  Portugal had expanded into Muslim North Africa seizing the port of Ceuta

7. Mapping the African Coast
Prince Henry wanted to control Africa for many reasons:
He could convert Africans to Christianity
Find sources of riches the Muslims controlled
Hoped to find an easier way to reach Asia
1460  Henry dies and the conquest continues
1488  Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa en route to Asia

8. Seeking India
1497  Vasco da Gama (Portugal) followed Dias’ footsteps leading 4 ships around the Cape of Good Hope
He had visions of going farther
After ten months at sea he reached the spice port of Calicut (west coast of India)
Da Gama sold spices at enormous profits when he returned home
His voyages confirmed Portugal as a world power

9. Seeking India
The Portuguese established forts or took over cities that were centers of trade.
Over time they connected these forts and cities forming a large empire.

10. Checkpoint Question #2
How did Portuguese exploration lead to the creation of a trading empire?

11. Columbus Sails West
Portugal’s success in the sea created motivation for other sailors
Christopher Columbus (Italy) wanted to reach the East Indies (islands in SE Asia)
Columbus knew the earth was a sphere and had to sail west across the Atlantic
He believed a few weeks sailing west would bring him to eastern Asia

12. Reaching Faraway Lands
Portugal refused to sponsor Columbus’ voyage
He convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sponsor him
They wanted to use this as a way to strengthen Catholicism and bring wealth and prestige to Spain
They expelled all Jews from Spain

13. Reaching Faraway Lands
Aug 3, 1492  Columbus begins sailing west with three small ships…Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
No land was spotted until Oct 12, 1492
Columbus was convinced he reached the Indies (called the people Indians)
Returned home to a hero’s welcome
Come to find out, he had discovered previously unknown continents

14. Dividing the Globe
1493  Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to claim the new found lands
Pope Alexander VI created a Line of Demarcation w/in Western Hemisphere
This gave Spain rights to lands west of the line and Portugal rights to east
Other countries now wanted to prove themselves against Spain and Portugal

15. Students will turn to page 261 and answer questions number 2 & 3 for the map, “Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487 – 1609” at the top of the page.

16. Naming the Western Hemisphere
Amerigo Vespucci (Italy) wrote a journal of his voyage to Brazil
1507  cartographer from Germany used Vespucci’s journal and created a map of the Western Hemisphere
He labeled “America” and eventually the term “Americas” was given to the region
The lands Columbus had discovered became known as West Indies

17. Naming the Western Hemisphere
Columbus’ discoveries prompted Spain to obtain the Treaty of Tordesillas ensuring that the lands Columbus discovered, along with future discoveries, would belong to Spain.

18. Checkpoint Question #3
How did Columbus influence the Treaty of Tordesillas?

19. Search for Direct Route
Sept 20, 1519  Ferdinand Magellan (native of Portugal) set out w/ 5 ships (sponsored by King Charles of Spain)
Nov, 1520  Magellan’s ships entered a bay at the southern tip of South America
Magellan found a passage that later became known as the “Strait of Magellan”
In 1513 Spanish adventurer Vasco Nunez de Balboa hacked a passage westward through the tropical forest of Panama to view a ‘South Sea.”
Magellan renamed Balboa’s South Sea to the “Pacific” meaning peaceful

20. Direct Route
After the mission was accomplished the crews wanted to return home
Magellan did not…he made the decision to move toward Philippines (took 4 months)
March 1521  fleet reaches Philippines where Magellan is killed
The survivors returned home to Spain in Sept as the first people to circumnavigate (sail around the world)

21. Direct Route
Balboa’s discovery fo the Pacific Ocean established Spain’s claim to it and the land surrounding it, and spurred Magellan to seek a direct sea route to the Pacific and the east Indies beyond.

22. Checkpoint Question #4
What was the significance of Balboa’s discovery?

23. Chapter 14 Section 1 Assessment
Students will turn to page 265 and answer question numbers 4, 5, 6, & Quick Write.

24. Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Chapter 14, Section 2
Turbulent Centuries in Africa
You Will Need Your Textbook
Mr. Aiken: World History
Thursday, January 10th & Friday, January 11th

25. CH 14 Section 1 Map Skills Exercise
Introductory Warm Up Assignment
CH 14 Section 1 Map Skills Exercise
Students will turn to page 268 and answer questions #’s 1, 2, & 3 after shading and identifying the given regions.

26. Portugal Gains Footholds
Portugal began setting up small forts to collect food and water and repair ships
They wanted to trade directly with their sources in Africa rather than using middlemen
They did establish trading posts to trade muskets, tools and cloth for gold, ivory, hides and slaves
Portuguese would attack African trading cities like Mombasa and Malindi to get rid of the Arabs

27. Portugal Gains Footholds
The Portuguese were interested in trade, which was mainly concentrated along the coast, and they lacked the resources to explore the interior.

28. Checkpoint Question #1
Why did the Portuguese establish a presence mainly along the African coast?

29. Primary Source Reading
Students will turn to page 267 and read the excerpt in the green shaded box from the ‘Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea.’ In this excerpt a Portuguese observer described the first ship of African slaves arriving in Portugal in 1444 from West Africa. Judging from the writer’s words, what was his opinion of what he saw?

30. African Slave Trade
s  slaves were viewed as the most important good that was traded
Portuguese traders joined this profitable slave trade followed by many Europeans
Europeans used slaves to perform labor on their plantations
Some were used as household servants
During the 1500s  Europeans were encouraging a much broader slave trade

31. Triangular Slave Trade

32. Slave Trade
Slaves would be traded for textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons and gunpowder
Over the next 300 years the slave trade exploded into a large profitable business
Every year, thousands of slaves would be shipped across the Atlantic to work on sugar, rice and tobacco plantations

33. Slave Trade Some African leaders wanted to stop the slave trading
But the supporters were just too strong
Affonso I (ruler of Kongo) was against the slave trade…he had been tutored by the Portuguese missionaries
He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity
Affonso asked his Portuguese friends to help stop the slave trade (They did not)

34. Slave Trade
Though Europeans became involved in the slave trade, seeking larger numbers of slaves for their plantations
African states expanded the slave trade to meet European needs and to gain wealth

35. Checkpoint Question #2
How did the African slave trade expand?

36. New African States
As more and more slaves were traded some kingdoms became very small
However, other kingdoms emerged who depended on the slave trade
These states would wage war on the smaller African states
Asante Kingdom  owned land in present day Ghana under Osei Tutu

37. Asante Kingdom
Tutu claimed his right to rule came from heaven…he was trying to unify his kingdom in order to fight off other states
The Asante eventually ran a monopoly on gold mining and slave trade in Africa
This allowed them to build a wealthy and powerful kingdom
The slave trade gave some states the resources to expand and conquer their neighbors

38. Checkpoint Question #3
What caused some African states to grow?

39. European Presence Expands
Several European countries followed Portugal’s idea of trading ports in Africa
The British, Dutch, and French all opened up ports in Africa when Portuguese power declined
1652  Dutch immigrants arrived in South Africa and built Cape Town
Dutch farmers were the ones who settled around Cape Town

40. European Presence
Mid 1600s  British and French both had reached present day Senegal
French est’d a fort around 1700
1788  Britain est’d the African Association…an organization that sponsored explorers going to Africa
This led to an explosion of European exploration of Africa
Various Europeans took over the forts of the declining Portuguese, and worked to establish more permanent footholds

41. Checkpoint Question #4
How did the European presence in Africa expand?

42. Chapter 14 Assessment 2
Students will turn to page 269 and answer the following questions: #’s 3, 4, 5, & 6.

43. Review All of the following were explorers except?
A Columbus
B Magellan
C Vespucci
D Caesar
During the slave trade in Africa, slaves would be traded for all of the following except?
A Rum
B Tobacco
C Salt
D Metalwork

44. European Footholds in South and Southeast Asia
Chapter 14, Section 3
European Footholds in South and Southeast Asia
You Will Need Your Textbook
Mr. Aiken: World History
Monday, January 14th & Tuesday, January 15th

45. Portugal Builds Empire
After Vasco da Gama’s voyage, the Portuguese moved into the Indian Ocean
During this time, the Mughal Dynasty was controlling much of India
Eventually, in Southern India, Portugal was able to seize lands from local princes
With this power, the Portuguese wanted to take over the Indian Ocean

46. Portugal Trading Outposts in Muslim lands
In 1510, Portugal turned the island of Goa into its military and commercial base
Took over Malacca in 1511 from Muslims
Used these ports to trade and repair ships
Limited Impact
Lacked resources and faced resistance inland
Made harsh efforts to convert Muslims
Fewer than a million actually converted
Force & Diplomacy
The Portuguese used force and diplomacy to establish coastal trading posts, which they turned into a trading empire

47. Checkpoint Question #1
How did the Portuguese control the spice trade?

48. Rise of the Dutch Sea Power Powerful Dutch Company
1599-Dutch fleet returns home after a year
Brought pepper, cloves, and other spices
This led to more exploration activity because of their strong foothold in Cape Town
Powerful Dutch Company
1602-Dutch East India Co. is formed
Had tremendous power
Explorations were tightly controlled by gov’t

49. Dutch Dominance 1641 – Dutch capture Malacca from Portugal
Then they opened up trade with China
This allowed them to open a monopoly in the spice islands
Used military force to achieve its goals
1700s - the Dutch power declined due to growing power of England and France
The Dutch used their sea power to set up colonies, setting up the Dutch East India company, and establishing permanent ties with locals

50. Checkpoint Question #2
How did the Dutch build up a strong presence in Southeast Asia?

51. Spain Seizes Philippines
1521  Magellan claimed the archipelago of Philippines for Spain
Within 50 years Spain had captured and colonized the islands
Spanish priests would try to convert these people to Christianity
Spain now could trade between lands in Mexico and China
Silver from Mexico used to buy goods in China
Spain was successful because the Filipinos were not united as a people

52. Checkpoint Question #3
Why was Spain able to conquer the Philippines easily?

53. Mughal India & European Traders
Valuable Trade
Mughal India was a center for spice trading
Leading exporter of textiles (silk and cotton)
Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, English, French) eventually gained trading rights here
Great Empire Shatters
Eventual civil wars drained the resources here
Dutch, British and French all est’d Indian Trading Companies
Britain Gains Control
The British made alliances with local leaders and organized armies to sepoys to drive out the French; it used its wealth to weaken the Mughal empire

54. Checkpoint Question #4
How did Britain gain control of India?

55. Chapter 14 Section 3
Students will turn to page 274 and answer questions 3, 4, 5, & 6.
Terms & Places
Turn to pages 260, 266, & 271 and define the given vocabulary

56. Encounters in East Asia
Chapter 14, Section 4
Encounters in East Asia

57. European Contact w/Ming China
Europeans wanted products from China but had little to offer in return
Ming eventually allowed a trading post for the Portuguese, Dutch and English traders
Trade had to be conducted under the supervision of officials
At the end of each trading season, the Europeans had to sail away from China

58. Manchu Conquest
1600s  Ming was growing weak and the Manchus were able to break through the Great Wall
1644  Manchus took over Beijing
Manchus then set up the Qing Dynasty
They won support of scholars because they adopted Confucianism
Manchus stationed troops across the empire to ensure loyalty

59. Rejecting Contact w/ Europeans
The Qing used the Ming policy of restricting foreign traders
However, the Europeans wanted to expand trade desperately
1793  Lord Macartney arrived in China from Britain on a diplomatic mission
He brought British made goods to show
Several misunderstandings took place during the meeting

60. Problems with Britain Misunderstandings included the following:
Chinese thought the gifts were tribute
Chinese asked Macartney to kowtow: (touch head to the ground) to show respect
He refused to kowtow
He also offended the Chinese by speaking English

61. Korea is Invaded 1592 & 1597  Japan invades Korea
1598  Korea drives out Japan after several negative impacts from Japan
Villages burned to the ground
Famine and disease become widespread
Population decreases
Later, in 1636, Manchus would invade Korea and make Korea a tributary state (again)

62. Korea Choose Isolation
After multiple invasions, Korea decides to choose a policy of isolation
They excluded all foreigners except a small number of Chinese and Japanese officials
During this time, Koreans went on several tribute missions and brought back discoveries dealing with science, arts and literature

63. Foreign Traders in Japan
Japan welcomed Westerners unlike Korea or China because of the advanced weapons they brought to the Daimyos
These weapons helped the Tokugawa centralize the government
The Japanese also welcomed the printing press
As time went on, the Tokugawa grew hostile toward the foreigners

64. Foreigners in Japan 1638  Tokugawa turned against European traders
Japan barred all European merchants from entering the country
They also outlawed the building of large ships to further their isolation (stayed this way for 200 years)
Internal trade, arts, and literature all flourished

65. Review
All of the following are reasons for Dutch dominance regarding trade and exploration except?
A Opening trade with China
B Capturing of Malacca from Portugal
C Faster boats
D Military force
During Korea’s isolation stage, how did the receive advances within their society?
A Koreans looked to China
B Koreans went on tribute missions to gain advances in science, arts, etc.
C Koreans went on the Internet