1. The Spirit of Reform
8th Grade US History

2. Religion and Reform
Early 1800s was a period of great interest in religion.
Referred to as the Second Great Awakening (the First Great Awakening was mid 1700s)
People looking for ways to improve society
Temperance- drinking little to no alcohol
Fix problems with education
Teachers were not well-trained
Not all parents wanted children in school- why?
Girls often denied an education
Many schools refused to allow African Americans to attend

3. Early reformers
Horace Mann- started the first state-supported teacher’s college
Lyman Beecher- tried to prevent drinking of alcohol
Thomas Gallaudet- developed a way to teach the deaf
Dorothea Dix- made people aware of horrible conditions in prisons
Created first mental institutions
Superintendent of Army nurses during Civil War
Dorothea Dix mental institution in Raleigh, now a park

4. Changes affect art and literature
American artists began to create their own style
Showcased American life and landscapes
Transcendentalism- Thinkers and writers began to emphasize a connection between people and nature.
Henry David Thoreau- practiced Civil Disobedience. He refused to obey laws he thought were unjust.
Refused to pay a tax that supported the Mexican War

5. Life as a Slave Many worked on farms/plantations Slave Jobs:
Field hands
Planting
Tending
Picking , Processing, and loading cotton
Constructing repairing buildings and fences
Hauling water
Clearing Land

6. Anti-Slavery Efforts in the South
By the mid-1800’s , 250,000 were freemen.
These freemen played an important role in anti-slavery issues.
Violent v. Non-Violent Approach
There were several uprisings within the South about 200.
Nat Turner Uprising
John Browns Uprising ( July 3rd, 1859)- Harpers Ferry Raid- led 18 men to attack the armory in hopes of causing Virginia institution on slavery to collapse.
Many slaves attempted to escape
Underground Railroad

7. The Abolitionist Movement

8. Abolition What is abolition? Definition: The end of slavery
A movement that began in the 1830s
Abolitionists argued that enslaved African Americans should be freed immediately
In the eyes of Abolitionists, slavery was an enormous evil of which the country needed to repent

9. David Walker & Walker’s Appeal
The first well-known abolitionist
A free African American from North Carolina
Published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
Advocated violence and rebellion as the only way to end slavery

10. William Lloyd Garrison
Responsible for rapid spread of abolitionist movement
Founded Boston’s antislavery newspaper, The Liberator
Believed slavery was immoral and slaveholders were evil
Only option = immediate emancipation, or freeing of all enslaved people

11. The Grimke Sisters From South Carolina (father was a plantation owner)
Moved North to work openly against slavery
Also fought for women’s rights

12. Frederick Douglass Escaped slave from Maryland
Published The North Star, an antislavery newspaper
Published an autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
One of the most prominent African American figures of the movement

13. Sojourner Truth Gained freedom in 1827
Gave well-spoken, joyous and deeply religious speeches that drew large crowds
Engaged listeners with humor, personal stories, contagious singing and strong antislavery messages

14. Nat Turner Southern slave who led an uprising in 1831
Killed over 50 Virginians
Rebellion caused Southern slave owners to tighten control of blacks and demand the suppression of abolitionist material

15. Underground Railroad
Since the passage of Fugitive Slave Act, Abolitionists became very upset. Therefore,
The Underground Railroad became more successful due to the Fugitive Slave Act.
The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses that send many runaway slaves safe to go to the North towards Canada.

16. Harriet Tubman Born a slave
Married a free black man, but when she was told she would be sold, she left her husband and families and fled North.
Helped her two sisters flee as well
Most famous of the Underground Railroad conductors
Led upward of 300 slaves to freedom
Was a spy for the Union during the Civil War

17. Reaction to Abolitionist Movement
Northern Reaction
Feared large migration of African Americans to the North
Feared an upset of the social system would lead to war with the South
Many Northerners sympathized with slaves – did not want to return them to slave owners
Southern Reaction
Slave holders defended slavery as vital to their economic stability
Argued slaves enjoyed a close, friendly relationship with their owners
Demanded suppression of abolitionist material

18. The Women’s Movement Women’s Rights, 1780’s =
A. United States Constitution written.
B. Only white men may vote.
C. Women had no property rights.
D. Women also could not be educated for certain jobs.

19. Women’s Rights Women’s Rights, 1800’s Suffrage:-the right to vote
People began thinking women should be able to vote, too.
1848 – Women organized a convention in New York.
Called the “Seneca Falls Convention”.
Suffrage:-the right to vote

20. Susan B. Anthony Born February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts.
Raised in a Quaker family.
Quakers long activist traditions.
Developed a strong sense of justice because of this!

21. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Met Susan B. Anthony in 1851.
They worked together for the next fifty years!
Stanton wrote and gave speeches.
Wanted improvement of legal and traditional rights for women.

22. Lucretia Mott
Helped organize and call together the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention.
Was a strong supporter of education.
Lucretia Mott Schools – One opened in Indianapolis, Indiana.

23. The Seneca Falls Convention
Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Three demands made at the Convention
End unfair laws
Equal work
Women’s suffrage- the right for women to vote
Movement supported by abolitionist leaders such as Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth

24. Gains for Women Opportunities for women increased
Wyoming gave women the right to vote in 1890
New education opportunities
Rights to divorced women
However, the fight for equal rights would continue.

25. Now it’s your turn!
Civil Disobedience is not always a legal way to get involved…
but it is a way that people stand up against issues they believe are unjust
With this in mind, what are some issues that you feel passionately about?

26. Expectations
Choose one of the following topics and reflect on why it is important to you and how you can get involved.
You may reflect on your topic in one of several ways. You may create…
A short essay (3 paragraphs/ 5-7 sentences each)
A poem (3 stanzas with 4 lines each)
A drawing (ex: political cartoon or a self created piece of art)
Other: any expressive form of art that you have approved by me

27. Expectations GRAMMAR, SPELLING, & PUNCTUATION WILL BE GRADED!
Capitalize proper nouns
Every sentence should start with a capital letter
If you don’t know how to spell something, look it up or ask me for help
Your effort will be graded as well. I expect you to take your time and take this seriously.

28. Topics Immigration Gun control Protecting nature Infrastructure
the need for stronger border security
the Muslim ban
or another angle they feel strongly about
Gun control
2nd amendment
should teachers have guns
Protecting nature
ban on plastic straws
protecting national parks
Infrastructure
strengthening bridges, roads, etc
Pay Gap
equal pay for equal work
Education
Free public education for all
cost of college