1. HYDROLOGY

2. Some Water Cycle Facts..
Water has been recycled for about 4 billion years. Since the volcanoes erupted adding water vapor to the air
The water cycle gets its energy from the Sun
97% of Earth’s water is salt water.
Most of the remaining 3% is stored as Icecaps and Glaciers.

3. The water cycle
is also called the
cycle.
hydrological

4. Water that is stored in the oceans and lakes can and become a gas.
evaporate

5. As the water rises through the atmosphere, it cools,
condenses and becomes
clouds

6. When the water gets heavy enough it can fall to the ground in the form of different types of
precipitation

7. and flow directly into streams, rivers, or lakes.
If the lithosphere (ground) is saturated, the water that has fallen can become
and flow directly into streams, rivers, or lakes.
runoff

8. It can also be stored on the surface of the lithosphere as snow or ice known as
water retention

9. If the lithosphere is not saturated, the water will
the lithosphere and move into the zone of
or the zone of
infiltrate
aeration
saturation

10. The interface (boundary) between these two zones is called the
water
table

11. The roots of plants can reach into the zone of
soak up the water, and the water can then re-enter the atmosphere through the process of
saturation
transpiration

12. Better Water Cycle Song

13. runoff runoff water table impermeable bedrock zone of saturation
transpiration
condensation
precipitation
runoff
zone of aeration
evaporation
runoff
evaporation
water table
infiltration
zone of saturation
impermeable bedrock

14. Zoomable cycle

15. The amount of open space in the ground (pore space)
Porosity =
The amount of open space in the ground (pore space)
What materials would you need to calculate the porosity of a sample of soil?
graduated cylinder
water

16. Which is more porous, a container of:
round particles or angular particles
tightly packed or loosely packed
particles particles
c. well-sorted particles or unsorted particles
d. large beads or small beads

17. ***Particle size alone does not determine porosity***

18. Sorting

20. how fast the water can pass through the material.
PERMEABILITY
how fast the water can pass through the material.

21. interconnected spaces
PERMEABILITY
Which column would allow water
to flow through fastest? Why?
A, big pieces have big
interconnected spaces

22. If you join sediment from A and D,
PERMEABILITY
If you join sediment from A and D,
what would happen to the permeability? Why?
Decreases, because the small
particles fill in the spaces

23. Which is more permeable?
PERMEABILITY
Which is more permeable?
a. small particles or large particles
b. frozen ground or unfrozen ground

24. PERMEABILITY
Particle Size

25. Factors affecting Permeability
Particle Size –big particles have big spaces water can flow faster through
Sorting –unsorted sediment small pieces fill in the spaces in between big pieces
Packing –increased packing decreases pore space making water flow through slower
Shape- angular pieces can fit together better than rounder pieces, less pore space for water to flow through

26. As the porosity,
increases,
permeability
increases

27. PERMEABILITY
Porosity

28. Capillarity
Capillarity – the upward movement of water through a material.
Water gets stuck in the open spaces
particles will have greater capillarity
Smaller

29. Capillarity

30. We Want Infiltration! Not Runoff!
Why???
More infiltration means more drinking water in our water table!

31. Runoff will happen if..
The ground is impermeable (water cannot get in).
The ground is saturated (there is no room for the water).
The water is falling faster than it can infiltrate (rate of precipitation is greater than rate of infiltration).
The slope of the land is too steep.

32. Other Factors affecting Infiltration
Urbanization- Decreases infiltration
Vegetation – increased vegetation increases infiltration- WHY??
The groundhogs have something to say about this!

33. RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE
FACTORS AFFECTING
RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE
Which will result in greater runoff and stream discharge?
an area that is vegetated or an area that is barren
an area that has a steep slope or an area that is flat
ground that is frozen or ground that is unfrozen
d. ground that is saturated or ground that unsaturated