1. Respiratory System

3. The main function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to, & eliminate carbon dioxide from the body
In order to accomplish this task, the respiratory system must work in conjunction with the cardiovascular system

4. Functions of the Respiratory System
A. Uptake of oxygen into the blood and the elimination of carbon dioxide out of the blood (Pulmonary Ventilation, External Respiration)
B. Vocalization (Larynx)
C. Olfaction (Smell)

5. Regions of the Respiratory System
A. Nasal Cavities
B. Pharynx – Throat
C. Larynx – Voicebox
D. Trachea – Windpipe
E. Lungs

6. Anatomy Overview The respiratory tract includes:
Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) Larynx Trachea Bronchi (primary, secondary (lobar), tertiary (segmental) Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Right
Lung
Left Lung
Alveolar duct
Alveoli

7. Histology
Respiratory Epithelium = Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar (PSCC)

10. III. The Nasal Cavities A. Nasal Cartilages
B. Anterior Nares (Nostrils)
Rhinitis – clinical term for cold
Rhino means nose
C. Olfactory Receptors
D. Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid Bone
E. Nasolacrimal Aperture

15. Cribriform Plate

16. Ethmoid Bone

17. Nasolacrimal Aperture – tears come out of your nose

18. F. Nasal Septum
G. Nasal Conchae (“Shelves”)
H. Paranasal Air Sinuses – when you inhale air it goes into the paranasal air sinuses lined with ciliated epithelium
* Frontal Sinus to the Sphenoid Sinus
* If the sinuses become infected it is called sinusitis
I. Choanae (Posterior Nares)

22. Sinuses are lined with ciliated epithelium that warms and humidifies the air

24. Choanae (Posterior Nares)

27. Pharyngeal Tonsil – if it is enlarged it is called an adenoid

28. The Pharynx
A. Nasopharynx

29. Pharynx
Air passes from nasal cavity, across internal nares into nasopharynx, past oropharynx & through laryngopharynx to larynx
Nasopharynx lined with PSCC epithelium, but oro & laryngopharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium because they are also part of digestive system

30. A. Nasopharynx 1. Eustachian Canal (Auditory Tubes)
Earache (Otitis Media)
2. Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids)

31. Eustachian (auditory) tube – connects nasopharynx & middle ear cavity
Pharyngeal tonsil – lymphatic tissue embedded in wall of nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils - lymphatic tissue embedded in wall of oropharynx
Uvula – posterior tissue from soft palate; protects nasopharynx when swallowing

32. Eustachian Canal (Auditory Tubes)

33. Nasopharynx and Phryngeal Tonsil

37. Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx shared by the respiratory and digestive system but it is also in the laryngopharynx where the respiratory and digestive system separate

39. Larynx (Voicebox) – large, outer part is made up of cartilage
A. projects outward as the “Adam’s apple”
B. lined by non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngeal Aperture
Ventricle – chamber where the vocal cords are

40. Larynx
Air passageway made of 9 pieces of cartilage – (1) Thyroid cartilage, (1) Epiglottis, (1) Cricoid cartilage, (2) Arytenoid, (2) Corniculate, (2) Cuneiform
A.K.A your “voicebox” because it contains the vocal cords

41. Larynx Thyroid cartilage – protects anterior & lateral walls of airway
Epiglottis – leaf-shaped cartilage that protects opening (“glottis”) of airway when swallowing
Cricoid cartilage – complete ring of cartilage; protects posterior wall of airway; attaches to trachea

42. Larynx
Arytenoid, corniculate & cuneiform cartilages – attach to upper (vestibular) vocal folds & lower (true) vocal cords

44. Vocal Cords

46. Laryngeal Cartilages 3 large single cartilages a. epiglottis
b. thyroid cartilage
c. cricoid cartilage
The epiglottis and thyroid cartilage are part of the larynx

48. Laryngeal Cartilages 3 pairs of small elastic cartilages A. arytenoids
B. corniculates
C. cuneiforms

50. Muscles of the Larynx 1. Extrinsic Muscles
- circular constrictor muscles

52. Guys have large larynx than women thus they have deeper voices

53. Intrinsic Muscles
- open and close the glottis by changing the tension on the vocal cords
- innervated by the Laryngeal Nerve

54. Laryngospasm – spasmodic contractions of the laryngeal muscles
Laryngospasm – spasmodic contractions of the laryngeal muscles. Use Heinlich Maneuver; form a bear-hug around the victim, and then press fist against the victim’s abdomen just below his xiphoid process = this will cause reflex exhalation
Abdominal Thrust or Heimlich Maneuver

55. Laryngitis – hoarse throat

57. Carcinoma of the Larynx
Associated with heavy smoking and heavy drinking
After a laryngectomy, train patient to use:
a. esophageal speech
b. electric voicebox
c. artificial voicebox

60. Trachea
Lined with respiratory epithelium
“C”-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage protecting airway while allowing for swallowing
Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle) runs across posterior wall of trachea connecting ends of tracheal cartilage

61. Trachea or windpipe have cartilage to prevent it from collapsing

62. Trachea
Low power
High power
Medium power

63. Bronchi
Trachea splits into a left & right primary bronchus which enters into the hilus of each lung
Within the lung, the primary bronchi branch into secondary (lobar) bronchi (3 in right lung/2 in left lung)
Secondary bronchi then branch into 10 tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Tertiary bronchi then continue to branch into smaller & smaller bronchi & then into very narrow bronchioles
Carina
This branching patterns creates the “bronchial tree”

64. Changes In Airway
As you go further down into the bronchial tree of each lung, changes in the airway occur:
increased number of airways (1 primary; 2 or 3 secondary; 10 tertiary bronchi; 6000 terminal bronchioles; millions of alveolar ducts)
decreased diameter of each airway
decreased amount of cartilage in the airways (no cartilage at all by terminal bronchioles)
increased amount of smooth muscle (relative to diameter)
lining epithelium changes from PSCC  simple squamous epithelium (in alveoli)

65. Lungs
Located within the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the double-layered pleural membrane –
parietal pleura – lines cavity wall
visceral pleura – covers the lungs

66. Lungs- Anatomical Features
Apex – extends 1” above clavicle
Base – rests on diaphragm
Hilum – at medial surface; where primary bronchus, pulmonary artery & veins enter/exit lung
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Right lung
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Left lung
Cardiac notch

67. Lung – medial surface getaprofessor.wordpress.com Groove for aorta
Hilum
Cardiac notch of Lt. lung

68. Airways within Lungs
Each lung has a primary bronchus entering at the hilus
Each lobe of a lung has a secondary (a.k.a. lobar) bronchus
Lobes are functionally divided into bronchopulmonary segments & each segment has a tertiary (segmental) bronchus
Segments are functionally divided into many lobules & each lobule receives a terminal bronchiole

69. Alveoli There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung
Alveoli are expanded chambers of epithelial tissue that are the exchange surfaces of the lungs
There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung
Multiple alveoli usually share a common alveolar duct, creating “alveolar sacs”

70. Alveoli There are three types of cells found within alveoli:
Alveolar Squamous epithelial (aka “type I”) cells – primary cells making up the wall of the alveoli
Septal (aka “type II”) cells – secrete “surfactant” to reduce surface tension which prevents alveoli from sticking together & allows for easier gas exchange
Alveolar macrophages (aka “dust cells”) – phagocytic cells that remove dust, debris & pathogens