1. "THE BIG 4"
MACROMOLECULES
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

2. Carbon -Important building block of the macromolecules
Can form 4 covalent bonds
Can form bonds with other carbon atoms
Can form single, double, or triple bonds

3. Most macromolecules are polymers
Poly means many!
Polymer- long chain of smaller
molecules

4. "Poly"
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
Means...

5. Monomer
Mono means 1!!
Monomer- part that makes up a polymer

6. What does “Mono” mean? 1

7. A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A NECKLACE
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN ?
A NECKLACE
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

8. A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN THE CARS A NECKLACE
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN
THE CARS
A NECKLACE
EACH PEARL
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

9. Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

10. FAT Carbohydrates Protein
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:
FAT
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)

11. When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out…..
what they generally look like.
what their monomers are.
what they do for living things.
and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

12. LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

13. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides

14. COOKIES and CANDY
CAKES
FRUITS
Monosaccharides

15. Monosaccharides are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers. They also taste sweet. Examples: glucose and fructose,

16. The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

17. Polysaccharides… What are they?
polymers made up of many monomers.
Examples: Starch, cellulose, glycogen
Strings of glucose!!!!

18. Polysaccharides Made up of monosaccharide monomers (glucose)
Glucose monomer

19. CARBOHYDRATES WHAT DO THEY DO?
Monosaccharides (like glucose)- source of quick energy
Polysaccharides
Starch- glucose storage in plants
Cellulose- forms plant structure
Glycogen- glucose storage in animals

20. LIPIDS
OILS
BUTTER
MARGARINE

21. Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
LIPIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

22. OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?
You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
“CHO”
A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C6H12O6
(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)
On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H46O cholesterol

23. The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter
This is a triglyceride molecule

24. Types of Lipids
Saturated- has only single bonds Unsaturated- has double or triple bonds

25. Main Functions of Lipids
Energy Storage
Waterproofing
Hormones

26. LIPIDS…Some interesting info
Waterproofing...
Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

27. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Steriods...
There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are:
SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS
CHOLESTEROL
They increase muscle
Like testosterone and estrogen

28. NUCLEIC ACIDS

29. Each nucleic acid is made up of…
Nucleic Acids
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each nucleic acid is made up of…
Phosphorus, Nitrogen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “PONCH”

30. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
RNA

31. The shape of a nucleic acid is:
DNA is a
double helix
RNA is a
single strand

32. NUCLEIC ACIDS MADE UP OF...
Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of
Nucleotide Chains
Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more about when we study DNA

33. NUCLEIC ACIDS

34. Nucleotide Sugar Phosphate Base
The 2 strands in DNA are linked by base pairing

35. Nucleic Acids are found within the nucleus and contain the instructions for making proteins * Genetic Information

36. Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO
DNA and RNA contain instructions for making protein

37. Proteins

38. Each protein is made up of…
PROTEINS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each protein is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur
THINK: “CHONS”

39. Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…
AMINO ACID
There are 20 different types of amino acids

40. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string
Amino Acid chain
All wound up

41. PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steriod hormones which
THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non- steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

42. PROTEINS WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? In plant foods- in the cell membranes
In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

43. Proteins
Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

45. REVIEW QUESTIONS
What elements are found in all of the Big 4 molecules? Which of the Big 4 has different elements and what are they?
Since Carbohydrates and Lipids have the same elements in them, how can you tell the difference?
Would C26H32O5 be a carbohydrate or lipid?
Which molecule is in the shape of a hexagon?
Which molecule is in the shape of an E?
A polymer of amino acids makes what molecule?

46. Final Review Questions Please do not look back at the information in your handout until you have answered all of the following questions.
1. What are 2 examples of simple sugars and 2 examples of complex carbohydrates not mentioned already?
2. What is a polymer?
3. What is a monomer?
4. Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of ________________.
5. Define in your own words:
Biochemical
Macromolecule
6. Proteins are major structural molecules in living things. List 5 places or things in your body that contain a lot of protein.
7. What are enzymes? What are they made of?
8. What are hormones?
9. What does your thyroid hormone do?
10. Name three types of proteins.
11. What are the functions of lipids?
12. What elements are found in each of the Big 4 molecules?
13. What does DNA do? RNA?
14. How many Calories are found in 1 gram of each of the Big 4 molecules?
15. What are 5 possible effects of illegal steroid use?
16. What are 3 functions of lipids?
17. What is the function of waxes?
18. What are 2 ways simple sugars are different from complex carbohydrates?
19. What are 4 organic macromolecules?

47. Reactions
Reactants- elements or compounds entering into a chemical reaction Products- elements or compounds that are produced by a chemical reaction

48. Enzymes are Catalysts Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
Animation Menu
Enzymes are catalyst to over biochemical reactions!
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College

49. Activation Energy
Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College

50. Classifying Enzymes
There are 4 major categories of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids
Most enzymes belong to the class of proteins.
However, there are a few catalytic RNA molecules.
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College

51. Naming Enzymes
Take the name of the substrate the enzyme works on and add the suffix -ase
Example: Lactose  Lactase
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College

52. Enzyme Form and Function
Lock & key Model: The shape of an enzyme allows it to do a specific job much like a lock and key.
Specificity - Animation Menu
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College

53. Lock and Key

54. Induced Fit Model Enzymes can form to the shape of its substrate.
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College

55. Denaturing Enzymes When an enzyme is denatured it is damaged.
Denaturing changes the shape.
Without the correct shape enzymes won’t function properly.
HOW are enzymes denatured?
Temperature Animation Menu pH
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56. http://upload. wikimedia
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