1. Introduction to Networking & TCP/IP
Chapter 3
Introduction to Networking & TCP/IP
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Chapter 3 Objectives
Distinguishing between network Classification.
Classifying Networks by Component Roles.
Understanding Core TCP/IP Protocols
Architecture of TCP/IP.
TCP/IP Protocol layers.
Client Server Model.
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3. Classifying Networks by Their Geography
Networks are frequently classified according to the geographical boundaries the network spans.
Local Area Network (LAN): It is a network contained within a relatively small area, such as a classroom, school, or single building.
This type of network has the lowest cost and least overall capability of the three geographic classifications
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): When the network spans the distance of a typical metropolitan city.
It requires high-speed connections, such as fiber optics.
Increasing the distance and the technology levels increases the relative installation and operation costs of MANs.
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Wide Area Network (WAN): When the network spans a larger area.
It is classified as a wide area network (WAN), Because of the extensive distances over which WANs communicate.
They use long-distance telecommunications networks for their connections, which increases the costs of the network.
The Internet is just a giant WAN
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7. Classifying Networks by Component Roles
There are two basic types of role classifications for networks peer-to-peer networks and server-based networks.
The difference between the two revolves around which computer is in charge of the network.
A third classification, client-based networks, has come into existence because of the increased capabilities of the typical client computer.
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8. Peer-to-Peer Networks
A peer is considered an equal. All computers on a peer-to-peer network can be considered equals.
No one computer is in charge of the network’s operation.
Each computer controls its own information and is capable of functioning as either a client or a server depending on which is needed at the time.
Typical initial peer-to-peer networking involves no security measures.
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Peer to Peer Network
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10. Server-Based Networks
Peer-to-peer networks that operate without central control and are difficult to secure.
A server-based network offers centralized control and is designed for secured operations.
There are still both clients and servers on a server-based network.
A dedicated server controls the network.
A dedicated server is one that, for all practical purposes, operates solely as a server.
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11. Server-Based Networks
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12. Client-based networks
A client-based network takes better advantage of the server’s powerful processors and of the increasingly powerful computers used in typical workstations.
A client based network utilizes a client workstation’s power in processing.
Some functions locally while requesting additional processing from a server whenever it is needed for increased speed.
Client-based networks also take advantage of the powerful processing capabilities of both the client and the server.
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13. Client-based networks
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14. TCP/IP architectural model
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Internetworking
The main design goal of TCP/IP was to build an interconnection of networks, referred to as an internetwork, or internet.
Provided universal communication services over heterogeneous physical networks.
The clear benefit of such an internetwork is the enabling of communication between hosts on different networks, separated by a large geographical area.
The words internetwork and internet are simply a contraction of the phrase interconnected network.
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16. The Internet consists of the following groups of networks:
Backbones: Large networks that exist primarily to interconnect other networks.
Also known as network access points (NAPs) or Internet Exchange Points (IXPs).
Currently, the backbones consist of commercial entities.
Regional networks connecting, for example, universities and colleges.
Commercial networks providing access to the backbones to subscribers, and networks owned by commercial organizations for internal use that also have connections to the Internet.
Local networks, such as campus-wide university networks.
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Two examples of internets. Each consists of two or more physical networks
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18. The TCP/IP protocol layers
Like most networking software, TCP/IP is modeled in layers.
This layered representation leads to the term protocol stack, which refers to the stack of layers in the protocol suite.
It can be used for positioning (but not for functionally Comparing)
The TCP/IP protocol suite against others, such as Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model.
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19. The TCP/IP protocol Stack
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20. Let us Understand Function of each Layer
Application layer is provided by the program that uses TCP/IP for communication.
An application is a user process cooperating with another process usually on a different host.
Transport layer provides the end-to-end data
transfer by delivering data from an application to its remote peer.
Multiple applications can be supported simultaneously.
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Internetwork layer also called the internet layer or the network layer, provides the “virtual network” image of an internet.
Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important protocol in this layer.
Network interface layer also called the link layer or the data-link layer, is the interface to the actual network hardware.
Examples are IEEE 802.2, X.25 (which is reliable in itself), ATM, FDDI, and even SNA.
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22. Detailed Architecture Model of TCP/IP
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TCP/IP applications
The highest-level protocols within the TCP/IP protocol stack are application protocols.
They communicate with applications on other internet hosts and are the user-visible interface to the TCP/IP protocol suite.
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24. All application protocols have some characteristics in common:
They can be user-written applications or applications standardized and shipped with the TCP/IP product.
The TCP/IP protocol suite includes application protocols such as:
– Telnet for interactive terminal access to remote internet hosts.
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for high-speed disk- to-disk file transfers.
– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) as an internet mailing system.
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25. The client/server model
TCP is a peer-to-peer, connection-oriented protocol. There are no master/subordinate relationships.
A server is an application that offers a service to internet users and a client is a requester of a service.
Users usually invoke the client part of the application.
The server is a program that receives a request, performs the required service and sends back the results in a reply.
A server can usually deal with multiple requests and multiple requesting clients at the same time.
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26. Client Server Model of Applications
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