1. Notes
Hand in any Sims. (All Sims should be completed from packet).
Dev. Quiz Retake is still open.
Graded FRQ is open and due Monday Night.
AGENDA
Review Moral Development
Erikson’s Social Development Intro
Practice?

2. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
1. Infants
2. Toddler
3. Preschool
4. Elementary School Toddlers
5. Adolescence
6. Early Adulthood
7. Middle Age
8. Old Age
9. Industry/Competence v. Inferiority
10. Integrity v. Despair
11. Initiative v. Guilt
12. Generatvity v. Stagnation
13. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
14. Identity v. Role Confusion
15. Trust v. Mistrust
16. Intimacy v. Isolation
17. Was my life meaningful?
18. Are my ideas acceptable?
19. Is the world a trusting place?
20. Am I ready to help others?
21. Am I ready for meaningful relationships?
22. Can I be independent?
23. What am I good at?
24. Who Am I?
Write the numbers from columns two and three next to the age in which these stages/questions generally occur.

3. Developing Morality
Kohlberg (1981, 1984) sought to describe the development of moral reasoning by posing moral dilemmas to children and adolescents, such as “Should a person steal medicine to save a loved one’s life?” He found stages of moral development.
OBJECTIVE 20| Discuss moral development from the perspectives of moral thinking, moral feeling, and moral action.

4. Moral Thinking
Preconventional Morality: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.
Conventional Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.
Postconventional Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.

5. Moral Thinking
Preconventional Morality: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.
Conventional Morality: By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.
Postconventional Morality: Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.

7. Pre, Conventional, or Post
Heinz should steal the drug because life is the most important thing regardless of the law or what the group thinks.
Heinz should not steal the drug because he might be caught and sent to jail.
Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because it is against the law and laws are necessary for society.
It is right for Heinz to steal the drug because it can cure his wife and then he would not be all alone.
Heinz should steal the drug because it is what a good husband would do.

8. Carter doesn’t use drugs because she doesn’t want to be a “druggy.”
Marty doesn’t use drugs because he doesn’t want to get in trouble.
Harlow uses drugs because he thinks altering your state of consciousness is an individual right regardless of laws or norms.
Concord doesn’t use drugs because your health is the most important thing. He believes your body is a temple and should be respected.
Sammy uses drugs because all her friends do, so it can’t be that bad.
Katrina uses drugs because it makes her feel good.
Dusty doesn’t use drugs because it is against the law and society needs laws to function.

9. Physical Development
Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years). Thus height in females increases before males.
OBJECTIVE 18| Identify the major physical changes during adolescence.

10. Primary Sexual Characteristics
During puberty primary sexual characteristics — the reproductive organs and external genitalia — develop rapidly.
Ellen Senisi/ The Image Works

11. Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Also secondary sexual characteristics—the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes.

12. Frontal Cortex
During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction. The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s development. Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness.

13. Middle Adulthood
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-twenties.
Around age 50, women go through menopause, and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility.
Menopause marks the end of menstrual cycles.
OBJECTIVE 25| Identify major physical changes that occur in middle adulthood.

14. Old Age: Sensory Abilities
After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks.

15. Old Age: Motor Abilities
At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70-year-old is no match for a 20-year-old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age.

16. Aging and Memory
Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material.

17. Aging and Memory
As we age, we remember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names becomes increasingly difficult.
OBJECTIVE 27| Assess the impact of aging on recall and recognition in adulthood.

18. Aging and Intelligence
Longitudinal studies suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age. It is believed today that fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not.
OBJECTIVE 28| Summarize the contribution of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to our understanding of the normal effects of aging on adult intelligence.

19. Old Age: Dementia
General term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life Dementia is not a normal part of growing old.
Alan Oddie/ PhotoEdit

20. Old Age: Alzheimer’s Disease
The risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease; a brain disease that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior.
-Most common form of dementia
symptoms include memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behavior
-Abnormal Plaques (clumps) and tangles in the brain
Loss of connections between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain.
At risk Alzheimer

21. Aging and Other Abilities
A number of cognitive abilities decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge increase with age.

22. Moral Action
Moral action involves doing the right thing. People who engage in doing the right thing develop empathy for others and the self-discipline to resist their own impulses.

23. Erik Erikson’s Stages of Social Development
Believes that each different stage in life involves a different struggle that must be overcome
Difficulty with one of these struggles predicts difficulty in social development

24. Trust v. Mistrust First Year
Infants learn to trust their needs will be met by the world, especially by mother
Or they learn to mistrust the world
Dependent on everything
If needs are meet Basic Trust develops

25. Hazards
Neglect, Abuse, deprivation of love,
Harsh or early weaning

26. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?
2-3 years of age
Start to see themselves as autonomous from parent
Or they become uncertain and doubt that they can do things by themselves

27. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
Must be allowed to try things on their own
First time you want to dress yourself
Then you struggle
Look to your parents for support

28. Hazards Conditions that create feelings of inadequacy
Pressure with skills like toilet training
Ooops…

29. Initiative v. Guilt Are my ideas good or bad? 3rd-5th year
Period of vigorous reality testing
Imagination and imitation of adult behavior
Right v. Wrong develop
Dress up in adult clothes
If not allowed initiative they feel guilty for their attempts at independence

30. Hazards Overly strict discipline Limits to spontaneous play
Rigid ethical attitudes which interfere with the child’s spontaneity
Lack of opportunity for creativity

31. Competence v. Inferiority (Industry)
Am I successful or worthless?
6-11 years
Children develop a sense of industry and curiosity
Are eager to learn
Or they feel inferior and lose interest in the tasks before them

32. Competence v. Inferiority
Start comparing yourself to your peers
Interested in real tasks
Want to show that you are superior or on par with peers
Lunch order

33. Hazards Excessive competition Personal limitations
Too many experiences of failure
Results in poor attitude
Feelings of inferiority

34. Identity v. Identity confusion
Who am I and where am I going?
12-18 years old
Adolescents come to see themselves as unique and integrated persons with an ideology
Or they become confused about what they want out of life

35. Adolescence
Many psychologists once believed that our traits were set during childhood.
Today psychologists believe that development is a lifelong process.
Adolescence is defined as a life between childhood and adulthood.
OBJECTIVE 17| Define adolescence.
AP Photo/ Jeff Chiu

36. Identity v. Identity Confusion
Wondering what direction you will go
Trying to find your identity
Separating yourself from your peers
Finding your role
What makes me different?

37. Forming an Identity
In Western cultures, many adolescents try out different selves before settling into a consistent and comfortable identity. Having such an identity leads to forming close relationships.
OBJECTIVE 22| Explain how search for identity affects us during adolescence, and discuss how forming an identity prepares us for intimacy.
Matthias Clamer/ Getty Images
Leland Bobble/ Getty Images

38. Developmental Hazard
Failure of society to provide defined roles and standards
Formation of cliques which provide clear but not always desirable roles and standards
Behavioral expections
Different for different cultures
College v. Job

39. Physical Development
Adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation). Puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years). Thus height in females increases before males.
OBJECTIVE 18| Identify the major physical changes during adolescence.

40. Primary Sexual Characteristics
During puberty primary sexual characteristics — the reproductive organs and external genitalia — develop rapidly.
Ellen Senisi/ The Image Works

41. Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Also secondary sexual characteristics—the nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls and facial hair and deepening of voice in boys develop. Pubic hair and armpit hair grow in both sexes.

42. Developing Reasoning Power
According to Piaget, adolescents can handle abstract problems, i.e., they can perform formal operations. Adolescents can judge good from evil, truth and justice, and think about God in deeper terms.
OBJECTIVE 19| Describe the changes in reasoning abilities that Piaget called formal operations.

43. In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer.
There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her.
It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered.
The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug.
The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost.
He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later.
But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife.
Should the husband have done that?

44. Frontal Cortex
During adolescence, neurons in the frontal cortex grow myelin, which speeds up nerve conduction. The frontal cortex lags behind the limbic system’s development. Hormonal surges and the limbic system may explain occasional teen impulsiveness.

45. Intimacy v. Isolation Shall I share my life with someone or live alone
19-35
Young people become able to commit themselves to another person
Or they develop a sense of isolation and feel they have no one in the world, but themselves

46. Intimacy v. Isolation
Ability to establish close personal relationships with members of both sexes
The people you talk to after the first year of college-your spouse

47. Emerging Adulthood
Emerging adulthood spans ages During this time, young adults may live with their parents and attend college or work. On average, emerging adults marry in their mid-twenties.
OBJECTIVE 24| Discuss the characteristics of emerging adulthood.
Ariel Skelley/ Corbis

48. Hazards
Cultural and personal factors which lead to psychological isolation or to formal rather than warm personal relations
Inability to trust or open up on an intimate level

49. Adulthood’s Commitments
Love and work are defining themes in adult life. Evolutionary psychologists believe that commitment has survival value. Parents that stay together are likely to leave a viable future generation.
OBJECTIVE 30| Discuss the importance of love, marriage, and children in adulthood, and comment on the contribution of one’s feelings of self-satisfaction.
JLP/ Jose Pelaez/ zefa/ Corbis

50. Generativity v. Stagnation
Will I produce something of real value?
35-50
Adults are willing to have and care for children and to devote themselves to their work and the common good
Or they become self centered and inactive

51. Generativity v. Stagnation
Paternal sense- productivity and creativity for others as well as self
Midlife Crisis
My Dad

52. Hazards
Failure to master developmental tasks, resulting in egocentric nonproductivity

53. Middle Adulthood
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities and cardiac output begin to decline after the mid-twenties.
Around age 50, women go through menopause, and men experience decreased levels of hormones and fertility.
Menopause marks the end of menstrual cycles.
OBJECTIVE 25| Identify major physical changes that occur in middle adulthood.

54. Old Age: Sensory Abilities
After age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks.

55. Old Age: Motor Abilities
At age 70, our motor abilities also decline. A 70-year-old is no match for a 20-year-old individual. Fatal accidents also increase around this age.

56. Aging and Memory
Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material.

57. Aging and Memory
As we age, we remember some things well. These include recent past events and events that happened a decade or two back. However, recalling names becomes increasingly difficult.
OBJECTIVE 27| Assess the impact of aging on recall and recognition in adulthood.

58. Aging and Intelligence
Longitudinal studies suggest that intelligence remains relative as we age. It is believed today that fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily) declines with age, but crystalline intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills) does not.
OBJECTIVE 28| Summarize the contribution of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to our understanding of the normal effects of aging on adult intelligence.

59. Aging and Other Abilities
A number of cognitive abilities decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge increase with age.

60. Well-Being the Life
Well-being and people’s feelings of satisfaction are stable across the life span.
OBJECTIVE 31| Describe trends in people’s life satisfaction across the life span.

61. Old Age: Dementia
General term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life Dementia is not a normal part of growing old.
Alan Oddie/ PhotoEdit

62. Old Age: Alzheimer’s Disease
The risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease; a brain disease that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior.
-Most common form of dementia
symptoms include memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behavior
-Abnormal Plaques (clumps) and tangles in the brain
Loss of connections between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain.
At risk Alzheimer

63. Old Age: Life Expectancy
Life expectancy at birth increased from 49% in 1950 to 67% in 2004 and to 80% in developed countries. Women outlive men and outnumber them at most ages.
OBJECTIVE 26| Compare life expectancy in the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, and discuss changes in sensory abilities and health (including frequency of dementia) in older adults.
Gorges Gobet/ AP Photo

64. Adulthood’s Ages and Stages
Psychologists doubt that adults pass through an orderly sequence of age-bound stages. Mid-life crises at 40 are less likely to occur than crises triggered by major events (divorce, new marriage).
OBJECTIVE 29| Explain why the path of adult development need not be tightly linked to one’s chronological age.
Neuroticism scores, 10,000 subjects
(McCrae & Costa, 1996).

65. Integrity v. Despair Have I lived a full life?
Older people enter a period of reflection
Become assured that their lives have been meaningful and are ready to face death
Or are in despair for their unaccomplished goals, failures, and ill spent lives

66. Hazards Lack of tradition, consistent values, and support
Lack of friends/family may be unable to find meaning in life

67. Death and Dying
There is no “normal” reaction or series of grief stages after the death of a loved one. Grief is more sudden if death occurs unexpectedly. People who reach a sense of integrity in life (in Erikson’s terms) see life as meaningful and worthwhile.
OBJECTIVE 32| Describe the range of reactions to the death of a loved one.
Chris Steele-Perkins/ Magnum Photos

68. Kübler-Ross – Stages of Grief
Denial: The initial stage: "It can't be happening."
Anger: "Why ME? It's not fair!" (either referring to God, oneself, or anybody perceived, rightly or wrongly, as "responsible")
Bargaining: "Just let me live to see my child(ren) graduate."
Depression: "I'm so sad, why bother with anything?"
Acceptance: "It's going to be OK."

69. Successful Aging

70. Adolescents

71. Mnemonics