1. Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body

2. Overview

3. Studies of the Human Body
Anatomy
Study of body structure
Dissection
Physiology
Study of body function

4. Studies of the Human Body
Levels of Organization
Chemicals
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism

5. Studies of the Human Body
Body Systems (organized by function)
Protection, support, and movement
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Coordination and control
Nervous
Endocrine

6. Studies of the Human Body
Body Systems (organized by function)
Circulation and immunity
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Energy supply and fluid balance
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Production of offspring
Reproductive

7. Metabolism and Its Regulation
Types of Metabolism
Catabolism
Reactions that break substances down into simpler compounds
Used to form ATP
Anabolism
Reactions that build substances up
Simple compounds are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function and tissue repair
Often require ATP-energy obtained from the breakdown of nutrients used to form a compound often described as the cells energy current

8. Metabolism and Its Regulation
Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of internal balance
Body fluid balance is especially important
Extracellular fluid
Blood plasma
Lymph
Fluid between cells
Intracellular fluid
Fluid within cells

9. Metabolism and Its Regulation
Homeostasis
Negative feedback
Critical for maintaining our health
Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift

10. Figure 1-3 Negative feedback.
How does a thermostat respond
to a room temperature that falls
below normal?

11. Figure 1-5 Negative feedback in the endocrine system.
What happens to insulin
levels after a meal?

12. Metabolism and Its Regulation
Effects of Aging
Gradual changes in all body systems
Some changes are harmless.
Wrinkles and gray hair
Some changes may result in injury and disease.
Decreased kidney function
Loss of bone mass
Formation of deposits within blood vessels

13. Body Directions Directional Terms
Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions.
Superior and inferior
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
Medial and lateral
Proximal and distal
All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position.

14. Figure 1-6 Directional terms.
What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing?

15. Body Directions Planes of Division
Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction
Frontal plane
AKA “coronal plane”
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane
Superior/inferior

16. Figure 1-7 Planes of division.
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

17. Body Directions Planes of Division
Some additional terms are used to describe tissues and CT or MRI images.
Cross section
Longitudinal section
Oblique section

18. Figure 1-8 Tissue sections.
Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis?

19. Body Cavities The body is divided into two main cavities.
Dorsal Cavity
Two main subdivisions
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Ventral Cavity
Two main subdivisions separated by diaphragm (muscle used in breathing)
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

20. Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view.
Replace with Fig 1-10
Which cavity contains the diaphragm?

21. Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Further subdivided Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum

22. Figure 1-11 The thoracic cavity.
Which cavity contains the lung?

23. Body Cavities Abdominopelvic Cavity Further subdivided
Abdominal cavity
Contains the stomach, most of the intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen
Pelvic cavity
Inferior portion

24. Body Cavities Divisions of the Abdomen
The abdomen can be divided into nine regions.
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Hypochondriac (left and right)
Lumbar (left and right)
Iliac, or inguinal (left and right)
Named for the upper crest of the hip bone and groin region

25. Figure 1-12 The nine regions of the abdomen.
Which region contains the spleen?

26. Body Cavities Divisions of the Abdomen
The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants.
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

27. Figure 1-13 Quadrants of the abdomen.
In which region is pain from
appendicitis most likely to be felt?

28. Figure 1-14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions.
Where would a pedal pulse be felt?

29. Figure 1-15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions.
Where would cervical pain be felt?

30. Word Anatomy Word Part Meaning Example -tomy cutting, incision of
-dis
apart, away from
Dissect
physi/o
nature, physical
Physiology
-logy
study of
Radiology
cata-
down
Catabolism
ana-
upward, again, back
Anabolism
home/o
same
Homeostasis
stat, -stasis
stand, stoppage, constancy
extra-
outside of, beyond
Extracellular
intra-
within
Intracellular