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Injuries to the Chest and Abdomen
Chapter 14 Injuries to the Chest and Abdomen
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Chest Physiology Chest (or thorax) includes: Bony structures
Twelve pairs of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, the clavicles, and the scapula Heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, major nerves and great vessels are protected by the thoracic cage
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Chest Physiology Ribs and the diaphragm work together to bring oxygen into the body through the breathing process Oxygen and waste products are exchanged through blood cells that are transported throughout the body via blood vessels.
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The Circulatory System
Often referred to as cardiovascular system Heart and the blood vessels
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The Circulatory System
Divided into two parts: Pulmonary circulation–taking the blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart Systemic circulation–distributing the blood to all other parts of the body
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Blood and Blood Cells Blood performs many important functions in sustaining life. Provides: Nourishment Hormones Vitamins Oxygen Heat to the tissues Blood removes waste products from tissues.
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Blood and Blood Cells Blood is 78% water and about 22% solids.
Fluid portion is called plasma Contains special proteins Fibrinogen and prothrombin Other substances in plasma include proteins, carbohydrates, calcium, sodium, gases, hormones, enzymes, etc.
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Blood Cells Erythrocytes, red blood cells (RBCs)
Make up most of the solids contained in blood Main function is to carry oxygen Red in color because of hemoglobin Contained within each red blood cell
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Blood Cells Platelets (thrombocytes) Specialized type of blood cell
Produced to help coagulate, or clot, blood
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Blood Cells Leukocytes, white blood cells (WBCs) Two classifications
Granulocytes Agranulocytes Produced in many locations throughout the body Main function is to fight infections Basis of the immune system
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Blood Vessels Five types of blood vessels in the body: Arteries
Arterioles Capillaries Veins Venules
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Coronary Circulatory Path
Average adult has 5 to 6 quarts of blood in the body Blood is circulated throughout the vascular system every 20 seconds. Accomplished by the incredible pumping capacity of the heart
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The Lungs Largest organs of the chest
Located within the pleural cavities of the thorax Main function To bring oxygen to the bloodstream and excrete carbon dioxide from the blood
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The Lungs Blood is transported to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and from the lungs to the heart by the pulmonary veins
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Ribs Protect vital organs and great blood vessels Twelve pairs of ribs
Muscle tissue, nerves, and blood vessels are between each rib Arrangement of the ribs is what provides the characteristic shape of the rib cage
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The Respiratory System
Carries oxygen from the atmosphere to the bloodstream Expels waste product carbon dioxide Parts of the system include: Nose Mouth Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box)
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The Respiratory System
Parts of the system include: Trachea Bronchial tubes Alveoli Lungs
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Chest Injuries Myocardial contusions and aortic ruptures Fractures
Pneumothorax Hemothorax Hyperventilation Flail chest
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Chest Injuries Pulmonary contusions Blows to the solar plexus
Chest contusions Side stitches
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Overview of the Abdomen
Abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm Including organs from the digestive, reproductive, lymphatic, and urinary systems
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Overview of the Abdomen
Abdominal cavity is also separated into four quadrants Right upper Left upper Left lower Right lower
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Overview of the Abdomen
Cavity contains: Gallbladder Liver Stomach Female reproductive system Appendix Small intestine
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Overview of the Abdomen
Spleen Liver Kidney Bladder Pancreas
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Injuries to the Organs of the Abdomen
Contusions Ruptures and lacerations Shock Hernias
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