1. Chapter 9-1 and 9-2 ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did Thomas Jefferson expand our government and our nation? Election of 1800, Jefferson, and the Louisiana Purchase

2. Objectives
Describe the outcome of the election of 1800.
Explain Jefferson’s policies as President.
Discuss the importance of Marbury v. Madison.

3. Terms and People
Thomas Jefferson – third President of the United States, elected in 1800
Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s running mate in the 1800 election; Thomas Jefferson’s Vice President
laissez faire – the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy
John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under President Jefferson
judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to get rid of unconstitutional laws

4. How did Jefferson chart a new course for the government?
In 1800, President John Adams ran for reelection against Thomas Jefferson.
Federalists supported John Adams.
Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson.

5. The election of 1800 was viciously contested.
Federalists threatened civil war if Jefferson were elected.
Republicans accused John Adams of wanting to create a monarchy.
By receiving 73 electoral votes, Jefferson defeated Adams.

6. Thomas Jefferson - 73 Votes
However, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received the same number of votes.
Thomas Jefferson - 73 Votes
Jefferson
Aaron Burr - 73 Votes
The House of Representatives had to break the tie when the Presidential candidates got the same number of votes. They voted for Jefferson to be President and Burr to be Vice President.

7. To avoid this situation in the future, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment.
From 1804 on, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President.

8. At Jefferson’s inauguration:
Jefferson was the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C., the new capital.
Jefferson chose a less aristocratic ceremony.
At Jefferson’s inauguration:
Jefferson walked to the ceremony.
People did not bow. They shook Jefferson’s hand.
In the past:
The President rode to the inauguration in a fancy carriage.
People bowed to the President.
In his inaugural address, Jefferson urged all Americans to unite.

9. Jefferson thought of his election as the “Revolution of 1800.”
Jefferson vowed to change many of the policies of George Washington and John Adams.
He believed in the idea of laissez faire, from the French term for “let alone.” – the government should not interfere in the economy
His first goal was to limit the power of the federal government.

10. Jefferson created new Republican policies and kept some existing Federalist policies.

11. Jefferson also targeted the Sedition Act, which he had long opposed.
Many people had been convicted and fined under the act.
Others had been imprisoned.
Jefferson ordered the fines refunded.
Jefferson released the prisoners.

12. Marbury v. Madison

13. Marbury v. Madison
Jefferson (Republican) defeats Adams (Federalist) in the Election of 1800

14. Marbury v. Madison 1. On his last day, Adams fills courts
with as many Federalist judges as
possible
They were called “midnight judges” - Adams waited until 9 o’clock on his last night as President to appoint them.

15. Marbury v. Madison
2. Jefferson becomes President the next day but some of Adams’ judges have not yet received their official forms
a. Jefferson says they cannot
be judges

16. Marbury v. Madison
b. Jefferson orders James Madison (Secretary of State) not to give out the papers to the judges

17. Marbury v. Madison 3. William Marbury is one of the
judges affected by Jefferson’s
decision

18. Marbury v. Madison a. Marbury demands that the
Supreme Court examine the
case and force the executive branch to hand out papers

19. What was Judiciary Act of 1789?
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury says Judiciary Act of 1789
gives the Supreme Court the right to
do this
What was Judiciary Act of 1789?
Created federal court system with 3 levels and outlined the powers of each – district, court of appeals, Supreme Court

20. How do you think Jefferson reacted?
Marbury v. Madison
4. John Marshall, the chief justice
and a Federalist, listens to
Marbury’s case
How do you think Jefferson reacted?
How do you think Marshall reacted?

21. Marbury v. Madison a. Marshall agrees that Marbury
had been treated unfairly
AND…..

22. Marbury v. Madison
Judiciary Act would allow SC to force Madison into making
Marbury a judge
BUT….

23. Marbury v. Madison c. Marshall has to decide is this
constitutional or unconstitutional?

24. Marbury v. Madison - Marshall decides that forcing the
government to make Marbury
judge would be unconstitutional

25. Marbury v. Madison
5. Marshall’s ruling establishes Judicial Review - Supreme Court can declare act of Congress unconstitutional

26. Marbury v. Madison Judicial review has increased the
Supreme Court’s legal authority…
making it a much stronger branch

27. 9-2 Louisiana Purchase

28. Terms and People
expedition – a long and carefully organized journey
Meriwether Lewis – army captain chosen by Jefferson to lead the exploration of the West
William Clark – Lewis’s coleader
continental divide – the place on the continent that separates river systems flowing in opposite directions
Zebulon Pike – explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory from 1805–1807

29. What was the importance of the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory?
The tide of westward settlement sped up in the years after America’s independence.
By 1800, more than one million settlers lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

30. Most western settlers were farmers who relied on the Mississippi River.
Farmers shipped goods down the Mississippi to the port of New Orleans.
From there, goods were loaded on ships and carried to markets across the Atlantic.

31. Spain, which controlled the Mississippi River and New Orleans, threatened to close the port to American ships.
Pinckney Treaty
This treaty with Spain guaranteed the right of Americans to ship goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans.
To prevent this, the United States negotiated the Pinckney Treaty with Spain in 1795.

32. Americans demanded war with Spain.
Later, after the treaty had been signed, Spain withdrew the right of Americans to ship goods through New Orleans.
Americans demanded war with Spain.

33. To make matters worse, Jefferson learned that Spain had secretly given its Louisiana Territory to France.
If that happened, westward expansion of the United States would be blocked.
French territory
Jefferson feared that France would become dominant in America, as it was becoming in Europe.

34. Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French.
He ordered James Monroe and Robert Livingston to make a deal in Paris.
They soon discovered that the situation had shifted yet again.

35. The French had been driven from their colony on Haiti by a slave revolt.
Without Haiti, France would have trouble defending Louisiana in the event of a war.

36. Also, war between France and Britain was still going on.
Napoleon needed money for the war.

37. Because of France’s situation, Monroe and Livingston received a surprising offer.
France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. France sold the land for 3cents per acre ($15 million dollars)
New Orleans
Louisiana

38. Jefferson hesitated to approve the purchase.
Was it constitutional?
In the end, Jefferson decided that the purchase was constitutional because the President is able to make treaties with foreign countries.

39. After buying the Louisiana Territory in 1803, Thomas Jefferson was eager to have it explored and mapped.

40. In 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to fund a western expedition.
He chose two army officers to lead the exploration.
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark

41. Goals of the western expedition
Look for a waterway from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean.
Report back on the natural features of the region.
Make contact with Native Americans.
Goals of the western expedition

42. Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 and explored the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.

43. Lewis and Clark’s expedition lasted for more than two years.
July 1804
August 1804
October 1804
The party reached the mouth of the Platte River, which feeds into the Missouri River.
The expedition followed the Missouri River from St. Louis to the Rocky Mountains.

44. They met with Native Americans for the first time.
July 1804
August 1804
October 1804
They met with Native Americans for the first time.
The Americans promised to give the tribes military support and trading rights in exchange for peace.

45. July 1804
August 1804
October 1804
They camped in what is now North Dakota for the winter.
They were joined by Sacagawea, a Shoshone translator.

46. The party reached the continental divide.
August 1805
November 1805
March 1806
The party reached the continental divide.
They did not find a waterway to the Pacific. Instead, they had to navigate rapids in their canoes.

47. August 1805
November 1805
March 1806
They reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River.
They began the return journey, which took about half a year.

48. The journey of Lewis and Clark led many Americans to feel a sense of duty to expand west.

49. From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory.

50. Pike headed west to the Rocky Mountains
Pike headed west to the Rocky Mountains. Partway up a mountain, he was forced to turn back.
Today, this mountain is known as Pike’s Peak.
Rocky Mountains
Pike’s Peak
Pike returned home through Spanish New Mexico. Pike’s reports increased U.S. interest in the region.