2. Origins of the Cold War U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945
Allies in World War II
Postwar Cooperation – the U.N
Satellite States in Eastern Europe
Occupation Zones in Germany
Iron Curtain

3. THE COLD WAR vs Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
Competition for world dominance and global power.
Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on military battlefields Even though the threat of war was always present.
Defined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989.
It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world and themselves.
Constant state of military preparedness and arms race
Propaganda war----Democracy vs Communism
US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism

4. NATO ALLIANCE AND WARSAW PACT
Communistic Warsaw Pact
Communistic Warsaw Pact

5. The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of the Cold War
map/cold war
1950’s
Democracy vs. Communism
Bi-Polarization of the World
Soviet Union/China and Allies……..
US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.

6. The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict
Soviet Expansion:
· The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.

7. Satellite State When a nation is under the control of another.
Ex. Part of Germany was under the control of the Soviet Union.
Other examples: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria

8. The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

9. Truman Doctrine [1947] Civil War in Greece.
Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.
The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

10. Marshall Plan [1948] “European Recovery Program.”
Secretary of State, George Marshall
The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.
$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

11. * The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

12. CONTAINMENT POLICY 1950’s Soviet Union/China and Allies……..
map/cold war
1950’s
Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe
Soviet Union/China and Allies……..
US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.

13. Communism spreads like a disease
Domino Theory
Communism spreads like a disease

14. Communist Expansion A Chronology of Events
Soviet Union 1918
Berlin Blockade
Eastern Europe 1946
China 1949
Korean War 1950 to 1953
CONTAINMENT
Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift NATO Korean War
Communist Expansion A Chronology of Events 1 1

15. Focus on Berlin
After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.
Occupation zones after Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

16. Soviet blockade: East Berlin West Berlin
East Germany
West Germany
· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

17. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall
· In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.
Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

18. Berlin Wall Berlin is Germany’s capital city.
The Soviets built the wall to keep communists from escaping to the American sector.

19. Berlin Airlift
· President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin.
· At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

20. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

21. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
Military alliance to counter Soviet expansion.
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

22. NATO ALLIANCE AND WARSAW PACT

23. Warsaw Pact (1955)
Soviet Union and satellite states rival alliance to NATO
U. S. S. R.
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania

24. The world would now live with the threat of nuclear war.
NUCLEAR AGE
The world would now live with the threat of nuclear war.
Arms race between Soviet Union and U.S. who could build the most nuclear weapons.
U.S. would use nuclear weapons as a “deterrent”
Peace through strength……
“nuclear diplomacy”
atomic bomb

25. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?”
The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.
Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

27. Brinkmanship
Belief that only going to the brink of war would protect the U.S. from going to war with the Soviet Union.
U.S. would threaten mass retaliation with Soviet Union in order to try to get them to back off.

28. Suez Crisis
Egypt’s president Gamal Abdel Nasser tried to construct a dam on the Nile River.
U.S. and Britain offered to pay for project but Nasser began communicating with Soviet Union and Recognized the People’s Republic of China.
Eisenhower administration withdrew its offer.

29. Suez Crisis
In Response, Nasser Nationalized the Suez Canal making it under government control.
Before it was managed by the British and French and protected with British armed forces.
This threatened the flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe.

30. Suez Crisis
Britain and France teamed up with Israel to try to get the land back without consulting the U.S.
President Eisenhower did not like this and refused to support them.
As a result of lack of U.S. support, Britain, France, and Israel were forced to withdraw its troops.

31. u

32. Eisenhower Doctrine
Stated that the U.S. would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism.

33. CIA Central Intelligence Agency- 1947
Intelligence gathering organization.
1953 helped install a new government in Iran and in 1954 same thing in Guatemala
Both helped to place anticommunist leaders in power and also created long term resentment toward U.S.

34. The Race for Space

35. Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958
1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I
Facts on Sputnik
Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio signals.
Launched Oct. 4, 1957
Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

36. Effects on the United States
1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I
Effects on the United States
Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology
Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the Soviet Union
In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Space and Aeronautics Agency
> National Defense Education Act

37. Effects of Sputnik on United States
Atomic Anxieties:
“Duck-and-Cover Generation”
Atomic Testing:
Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site.
Americans began building underground bomb shelters and cities had underground fallout shelters.

39. Cold War Technology 1948- Microwave 1946- Computer 1948- Hang Glider
1958- Nuclear Energy Plant
1960- Communications Satellite
1070s- Smoke Detector
1980s- Global Positioning System