1. Trustworthy Semantic Web
Lecture #13
Knowledge Management + E-Business + Semantic Web = Semantic E-Business
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham
October 2, 3006

2. Outline of the Unit What is Knowledge Management?
Basic concepts: Components and Models
Organizational Learning Process
Knowledge Management Architecture
Secure Knowledge Management and Trust Negotiation
Knowledge Models
Directions
Integration of KM with E-Business and Semantic Web
Topic for lecture #14

3. What is Knowledge Management
Knowledge management, or KM, is the process through which organizations generate value from their intellectual property and knowledge-based assets
KM involves the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge
Reference: management.htm?source=google

4. Knowledge Management Components
Components of
Management:
Components,
Cycle and
Technologies
Cycle:
Technologies:
Components:
Knowledge, Creation
Expert systems
Strategies
Sharing, Measurement
Collaboration
Processes
And Improvement
Training
None of these things were endorsed by military acquisitions, but all have gradually started happening out of necessity and user requirements.
Metrics
Web

5. Knowledge Models Level 1: Highest Level
Mental models utilized by psychologists
Social models (e.g. social network models) used by sociologists
Level 2: Mid-level
Models utilized by expert systems
Process modeling
Level: Bottom level
Models understood by machines
E.g., rule-based, frame-based, etc.

6. Organizational Learning Process
Diffusion -
Tacit, Explicit
Incentives
Integration
Modification
Identification
Creation
Metrics
Action
Overall focus is on learning actionable knowledge
Organizations successful at KM Generate and Generalize knowledge
Generate - Create new knowledge and Identify knowledge that exists inside and outside the organization
Generalize - Transfer Knowledge from person to person, group to group, organization to organization
Diffusion - tacit/explicit - Tacit - Dialogue, Explicit - someone creates an external representation of their understanding (Word, , PowerPoint)
Integration - Knowledge transfer only matters to the receiver. Person knowledge is transferred to must be open to new ideas, able to challenge assumptions to integrate into their mental model.
Modification - Knowledge is never received “pure”, typically the receiver takes out the pieces that work for him/her.
Action - Important experiential knowledge is built through action. Wouldn’t expect someone to be able to <choose example> by reading a book or paper. Need tacit knowledge built up in action.
Need metrics to determine success in each area and to provide incentive. Not measured it won’t get done.
Focus of this MSR is on metrics and incentives for the diffusion process.
Examine available tools and develop tools for each area. (I.e. Expert Finder (identification), CVW - diffusion, Invention Machine (integration), PowerSim (Action)
Source:
Reinhardt and Pawlowsky
also see: Tools in Organizational Learning

7. Six Principals of Effective Learning
Effective Learning Requires:
Understanding
1) Mental models, paradigms, context, observation, assumptions, opinion, fact, truth
2) Systems Thinking - Variation
Skills
3) Ability to challenge assumptions
4) Listen to Understand
Process
5) Complete observe, assess (reflection, gain understanding), design (develop theory, prediction, vision), implement (test), cycle
6) Teach others
Focused on teaching others because good indicator of all other principles and gives a notion of tacit diffusion. Paper is available online.

8. Knowledge Management Metrics - The Goal of Metrics
Measuring Success (How am I doing?)
Benchmarking (How am I comparatively doing?)
Tracking Improvement (Am I getting better?)
Direct
future investment (technology, employees)
strategy
alignment (culture, incentives)
“One way to ensure your doing worse is to not measure” - Adapted from Pressman
Why take Metrics? - they provide a normative direction. Give goals to an organization.

9. Learning By-Product Measures
Papers in Competitive Journals and Magazines
Percentage New Technology compared to all Technology
Process Cycle Time
Employee Surveys
Involvement with decisions
Recognition for work achieved
Access to information
Rewarding risk taking
Overall Satisfaction
Employee Retention
‘Employee Suggestion Process
Typical measures in the Learning and growth area. Suggested by products for management.
Percent of New Tech - ”3M”(Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing) came up with this idea. Notion 30% all sales to be on products developed in last two years.
Process Cycle Time - Number one KM metric at most companies. Clue that new knowledge has been discovered

10. Knowledge Management: Incentive-based Approaches
Receiver
Positive Incentives
Knowledge Gained
Can teach others what is learned
Teacher
Positive Incentives
“Knowledge Transfer Champion” prestige
Can improve knowledge
Negative Incentives
Time
Unqualified teacher
Negative Incentives
Time
Students not willing to learn
What do we mean by Knowledge Transfer Events?

11. Knowledge Management: Strategies, Processes, Metrics and Tools
Knowledge Management: Within and Across
Corporations and Agencies
Strategies
e.g., Management
Plans; Policies;
Data sharing vs. Privacy
Processes
e.g., best
practices
Tools
e.g., Semantic Web
Metrics
e.g., web usage

12. Knowledge Management Architecture
Knowledge Creation and Acquisition Manager
Knowledge Representation
Manager
Knowledge Dissemination and Sharing
Manager
Knowledge Manipulation
Manager
None of these things were endorsed by military acquisitions, but all have gradually started happening out of necessity and user requirements.

13. Knowledge Exchange & Annotation Engine (KEAN)
Resides on any web-accessible knowledge base (any intranet, www)
Increases incentive to share information
Author gets positive and negative feedback about information that is submitted
Feedback system - no more publishing documents that disappear into the ether
Prestige - top rated document views
Quality filters steer user towards best information
Domain specific instances of KEAN are created
Works with Java enabled browser
Information overload - Better to read one high quality source than 20 lesser sources
20 Tabloids does not equal the New York Times
Benefits of quality filters:
Time saved not having to read as many sources
Time saved not heading down wrong paths based on bad information

14. The Three Versions of KEAN Architecture
Version 1 “beta version”
No reuse
Two-tiered
Stored procedures
Version 2 “newest version”
GUI reuse via JavaBeans
JDBC access to database
Version 3 “final version”
Logic reuse via Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB)
Three-tiered
CORBA access to objects

15. Structure of Version 1 - Beta Version of KEAN
Stored
Procedures
(PL/SQL)
ORACLE WEB
SERVER
Html
JavaScript
Applets
ORACLE
“Thin http” client
Database tier

16. Structure of Version 2 JDBC Code reuse with a two tier architecture
ORACLE WEB
SERVER
KeanBeans
ORACLE
“Thick” client
Database tier

17. Structure of Version 3 web Server “thin” client middle tier
KeanBeans
RDBMSs
and
OODBMS
CORBA ORB
EJB
“thin” client
middle tier
server tier

18. Secure Knowledge Management
Protecting the intellectual property of an organization
Access control including role-based access control
Security for process/activity management and workflow
Users must have certain credentials to carry out an activity
Composing multiple security policies across organizations
Security for knowledge management strategies and processes
Risk management and economic tradeoffs
Digital rights management and trust negotiation

19. Trust Management and Negotiation
Design a Trust Model
Investigate the current trust models. Identify the inadequacies of current trust models and design a model for the semantic web/DIVO
Components include trust management, trust negotiation as well as economic tradeoffs
Design a Language for specifying Trust policies
Start with XML, RDF and Web Rules language and incorporate features for trust management and negotiation
Design and develop techniques for enforcing the trust policies
Automated Trust Negotiation: A attempts to access database D based on access control policies; However before A can access D, triggers go off and owner of D exchanges credential information with A (

20. Knowledge Management for Coalitions
Knowledge for Coalition
Export
Export
Knowledge
Knowledge
Export
Knowledge
Component
Component
Knowledge for
Knowledge for
Agency A
Agency C
Component
Knowledge for
Agency B

21. Status and Directions Knowledge management has exploded due to the web
Knowledge Management has different dimensions
Technology, Business
Tools are emerging
Need effective partnerships between business leaders, technologists and policy makers
Major direction is integrating E-Business processes and semantic web technologies for knowledge management

22. Semantic E-Business
E-Business processes (e.g., order management, supply chain management, contracts management, workflow management)
Service oriented architectures
Apply semantic web technologies such as XML, RDF, Ontologies and RulesML to represent data and reason about the data for the e- business processes
Results in effective knowledge management as organization is getting benefits
The topic is called Semantic E-Business
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, March 2006

23. Topic for Lecture #14 Web Services and Service Oriented Architecture
Definitions
UDDI, SOAP, etc.
SAML, XACML