1. U3C7 The Industrial Revolution: 1700-1900
World History

3. Main Idea
The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment led people to develop new ways of doing things. Among these new ways were processes and machines for raising crops, making cloth, and other jobs. These developments led to dramatic changes in industry and the world of work. Because so much changed, this era is called the Industrial Revolution. It began in Great Britain and then spread to other parts of the world.

4. Essential Question
What was the Industrial Revolution?

6. 7.1 A New Kind of Revolution: Jethro Tull
Invented the seed drill – a horse drawn machine for planting more efficiently
Started an agricultural revolution that would bring changes to nearly all aspects of life
One farmer’s frustration led to a revolution

7. The Industrial Revolution
During the 1700s technology changes began that would transform the world, this era, when the use of power driven machines were developed, was called the Industrial Revolution, which started in Great Britain
Before people only used human and animal power, developed water and steam power to drive new machines

9. Factors that led to the Industrial Revolution
Exploration and colonialism: Britain’s colonies around the world provided vast raw materials like raw cotton fiber.
Sea power: the largest fleet in the world could carry raw materials and return with finish goods
Political stability: fought wars in Canada and N. America in 1700s, but peaceful at home, so commerce thrived
Government support: Parliament passed laws that favored business
Growth of private investment: private business funded “research and development”

10. Agricultural Factors Jethro Tull invented seed drill in 1701
Livestock breeding methods to raise healthier animals
Crop improvements such as potatoes increased food supplies, increasing the population
The enclosure movement allowed for more efficient farming methods, increasing food supplies

11. 3 factors of production land, labor, capital
Land: Great Britain had all the natural resources it needed-coal for fuel, iron-to build machines, and water-from rivers, streams, canals, and deep water harbors to transport raw materials and goods.
Labor: greater food supply created a great population, along with displaced farmers from the enclosure movement
Capital: the country was prosperous and had money to spend

12. Textile Revolution
from a cottage industry to completely transformed by industrialization
Wool increased due to the enclosure movement, cotton levels increased from India and the North American colonies

13. Textile Machines: inventors
Cotton gin: Eli Whitney
Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves
The spinning frame: Richard Arkwright
Flying shuttle: John Kay
Power loom: Edmund Cartwright

14. Factories Factory: from the old word “manufactory”
Large buildings that housed new machines
Spinning system driven by water known as the “water frame”

15. Steam Power James Watt developed the steam engine
Less reliance on water for power
Steam power allowed factories to be built near fuel supplies or where workers lived
In 1802 Richard Trevithick used a steam engine to power the first locomotive, essential to the Industrial Revolution
Robert Fulton, an American developed the steamship Clermont in 1807

17. Industry comes to America
Machines and skilled workers were restricted to Great Britain from
Samuel Slater known as the “Father of American Industry, "came to America in 1789 to provide factory and machine plans, which he created from memory.
In 1793, built Slater’s Mill in Pawtucket Rhode Island

18. Industry spreads 1807-spreads to Belgium in Europe
1848-France becomes industrial power
1850-Germany
1868-Japan
1900s-China, India, Russia

19. 7.2 Factories and Workers: Production before Factories
Cottage Industry: workers produced goods at home
Pros: Could work your own schedule
Cons: If parents fell ill or died, or if equipment became damaged, work could not continue

21. Factories and Factory Towns
12 hour plus work day
Poor ventilation
Poor sanitation
Dangerous work conditions
They favored children because they could pay them less
Noisy
Inadequate food
Thick soot from coal burning covered the sky

22. The Factory System and Workers
3 main levels of participants: wealthy business people to invest, mid- level employees to supervise, low-level employees to run the machines
Workers were plentiful
Employers preferred hiring women and children because they could pay them less
“Luddites” burned factories and smashed machines in protest
Early 1800s British workers formed labor unions and organized strikes

24. Factories and Mass Production
Mass Production: the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items.
Interchangeable Parts: identical machine-made parts
Assembly Line: product moves from worker to worker, as each one performs a step in the manufacturing process

25. 7.3 New Ideas in a New Society: New Ideas about Economics
In the late 1700s and early 1800s industrialization changed how people thought about economics: mercantilism was giving way to capitalism and competition.
Attitudes changed by Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus
Malthus was proven wrong, but Smith’s prediction was true
Industrial capitalism emerged as the main economic pattern in the Western world.

27. Robber Barons
Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and John D. Rockefeller all became extremely wealthy entrepreneurs; although they treated their workers poorly, they gave large amounts to charity

28. Competing Economic Views
Robert Owen and Karl Marx thought capitalism was a bad thing, with its poor working conditions and large gap between rich and poor
Owen’s utopianism led socialists to the social democracy movement
Karl Marx was a German radical against capitalism, whose views led the adoption of communism by some governments.

29. Effects on Society
Home life: the idea of separate spheres-men went to work, women stayed home to raise children. Home was the moral center, business was without moral control
Industrialized countries became wealthy and powerful Britain, Germany, France, U.S.
Long-term effects: rising middle class had more money, allowing more leisure and education time, allowing them to be more involved in politics