1. THE ATOM- Ms melisa mcalmont Physical science
MATTER
THE ATOM- Ms melisa mcalmont
Physical science

2. WHAT IS AN ATOM?
-IT IS THE SMALLEST OBJECT THAT RETAINS THE PROPERTIES OF AN ELEMENT
-THE SMALLEST PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT THAT CAN EXIST ALONE OR IN COMBINATION

3. THE TERM “ATOM” COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD WHICH MEANS INVISIBLE AND COULD NOT BE DIVIDED

4. COMPOSITION OF AN ATOM
1)PROTONS
2) NEUTRONS
3) ELECTRONS

5. THE BIG BANG THEORY
IN 1929 THE AMERICAN ASTRONOMER EDWIN HUBBLE DISCOVERED THAT THE DISTANCES TO FAR AWAY GALAXIES WERE PROPORTIONAL TO THEIR RED SHIFTS
IN 1927 GEORGE LEMAITRE’S PROPOSED THE BIG BANG THEORY THAT HUBBLE BASED HIS OBSERVATION ON. LEMAITRE PROPOSED THAT THE UNIVERSE EXPANDED EXPLOSIVELY FROM AN EXTREMELY DENSE AND HOT STATE, AND CONTINUES TO EXPAND TODAY.

6. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
1)ATOMIC NUMBER- THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM,
WHICH DETERMINES THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AN ELEMENT AND ITS PLACE IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

7. 2)THE MASS OF AN ATOM OF A CHEMICAL ELEMENT EXPRESSED IN ATOMIC MASS UNITS. IT IS ALSO THE EQUIVALENT TO THE NUMBER OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS IN THE ATOM(THE MASS NUMBER) OR THE AVERAGE NUMBER ALLOWING ABUNDANT ISOTOPES.

8. 3)ELECTRON –A STABLE SUBATOMIC PARTICLE WITH A CHARGE OF NEGATIVE ELECTRICITY, FOUND IN ALL ATOMS AND ACTING AS THE PRIMARY CARRIER OF ELECTRICITY IN SOLIDS

9. 2)PROTON- A STABLE SUBATOMIC PARTICLE OCCURRING IN ALL ATOMIC NUCLEI,WITH A POSITIVE ELECTRIC CHARGE EQUAL IN MAGNITUDE TO AN ELECTRON

10. 3) NEUTRON- A SUBATOMIC PARTICLE OF ABOUT THE SAME MASS AS A PROTON BUT WITHOUT AN ELECTRIC CHARGE, PRESENT IN ALL ATOMIC NUCLEI EXCEPT THOSE OF ORDINARY HYDROGEN.

11. 4) SUBATOMIC PARTICLES- A PARTICLE SMALLER THAN AN ATOM(E. G
4) SUBATOMIC PARTICLES- A PARTICLE SMALLER THAN AN ATOM(E.G. A NUETRON) OR A CLUSTER OF SUCH PARTICLES (E.G. AN ALPHA PARTICLE)

12. EXAMPLES OF AN ATOM

14. CAN U IDENTIFY THE SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES?

15. PERIODIC TABLE

16. WHAT IS THE PERIODIC TABLE?
THIS IS A TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF ATOMIC NUMBER,USUALLY IN ROWS,SO THAT ELEMENTS WITH SIMILAR ATOMIC STRUCTURE
(AND SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES)APPEAR IN VERTICAL COLUMNS

17. EXAMPLE OF A PERIODIC TABLE

18. 1)TRY TO LIST THE 20 ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE IN WORDS/SONG
ACTIVITY
1)TRY TO LIST THE 20 ELEMENTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE IN WORDS/SONG

19. KEY TERMS
GROUP-IS A COLUMN OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. THERE ARE 18 NUMBERED GROUPS WHILE THE GROUPS BETWEEN 3 AND 4 ARE NOT NUMBERED
PERIOD-IS A HORIZONTAL ROW IN THE PERIODIC TABLE. ALL ELEMENTS IN THE ROW HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRON SHELLS.

20. TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
TRENDS INCLUDE:
-ELECTRONEGATIVITY
-IONIZATION ENERGY
-ELECTRON AFFINITY
-ATOMIC RADIUS
-MELTING POINT
METALLIC CHARACTER

21. ELECTRONEGATIVITY TRENDS
A CHEMICAL PROPERTY DESCRIBING AN ATOM’S ABILITY TO ATTRACT AND BIND WITH ELECTRONS

22. GRAPH SHOWING THE ELECTRONEGATIVE VALUES

23. NOTE
-THE ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE LOSE ELECTRONS WHEN FORMING BONDS
-THE ELEMENTS ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE GAIN ELECTRONS TO COMPLETE A VALANCE SHELL OF 8 ELECTRONS

24. NOTES FROM THE TOP TO BOTTOM DOWN A GROUP, ELECTRONEGATIVITY DECREASES
-FROM LEFT TO RIGHT ACROSS A PERIOD OF ELEMENTS, ELECTRONEGATIVITY INCREASES
FROM THE TOP TO BOTTOM DOWN A GROUP, ELECTRONEGATIVITY DECREASES

25. NOTES
IONIZATION ENERGY- IS THE ENERGY REQUIRED TO REMOVE AN ELECTRON FROM A NEUTRAL ATOM IN ITS GASEOUS PHASE

26. TRENDS CONTINUED
ELECTRON AFFINITY TRENDS-IS THE ABILITY OF AN ATOM TO ACCEPT AN ELECTRON. IT IS A MEASUREMENT OF THE ENERGY CHANGE THAT OCCURS WHEN AN ELECTRON IS ADDED TO A NUETRAL GAS ATOM

27. TRENDS
ATOMIC RADIUS TRENDS- IS THE HALF DISTANCE BETWEEN THE NUCLEI OF TWO ATOMS.
-ATOMIC RADIUS DECREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT WITHIN A PERIOD
-ATOMIC RADIUS INCREASES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM WITHIN A GROUP. (ELECTRON SHIELDING)

28. TRENDS
THE MELTING POINT IS THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO BREAK A BOND(S) TO CHANGE THE SOLID
PHASE OF A SUBSTANCE TO A LIQUID

29. NOTES
METALLIC CHARACTER OF AN ELEMENT IS HOW READILY N ATOM CAN LOSE AN ELECTRON.
-METALLIC CHARACTER INCREASE LEFT ACROSS THE PERIOD AND DOWN THE GROUP
-IT DECREASES RIGHT ACROSS THE PERIOD AND UP THE GROUP

30. METALLIC CHARACTER ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

31. isotopes WHAT ARE ISOTOPES?
-EACH OF TWO OR MORE FORMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT CONTAIN EQUAL NUMBERS OF PROTONS BUT DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NUETRONS IN THEIR NUCLEI.THEY HAVE A DIFFERENT RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS BUT NOT IN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. THEY ARE THE RADIOACTIVE FORM OF AN ELEMENT.

32. IMAGE OF AN ISOTOPE

33. DEFINITIONS CONTINUED
1)IONS- AN ATOM OR MOLECULE WITH A NET ELECTRIC
CHARGE DUE TO THE LOSS OR GAIN OF ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS

34. EXAMPLE OF AN ION CREATION

35. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ISOTOPE AND ION
AN ION IS AN ATOM WITH A NET ELECTRIC CHARGE DUE TO THE LOSS OR GAIN OF ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS. AN ISOTOPE IS EACH OF TWO OR MORE FORMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT THAT CONTAIN EQUAL NEMBERS OF PROTONS BUT DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS IN THEIR NUCLEI; DIFFERENT ATOMIC MASS

36. WHAT ARE HALOGENS?
REACTIVE NON METALLIC ELEMENTS THAT FORM STRONGLY ACIDIC COMPOUNDS WITH HYDROGEN,WHICH SIMPLE SALTS CAN BE MADE. RELATED ELEMENTS INCLUDE: FLUORINE,CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE AND ASTATINE

37. WHAT ARE NOBLE GASES?
NOBLE GASES HAVE COMPLETELY FILLED OUTER ELECTRON SHELLS .THEY RARELY REACT WITH OTHER ELEMENTS THEY BELONG TO GROUP 18. EXAMPLES INCLUDE: HELIUM,NEON,ARGON,KRYPTON,XENON AND RADON

38. ACTIVITY
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EXERCISES

39. THE PERIODIC TABLE
CALCULATIONS

40. ATOMS SIMPLIFIED

41. PERIODIC TABLE SIMPLIFIED

42. ELECTRONS, PROTONS, NEUTRONS SIMPLIFIED

43. HALOGENS AND NOBLE GASES SIMPLIFIED

44. Introduction to biochemistry
WATER

45. ISOTOPES AND IONS SIMPLIFIED

46. HOW TO CALCULATE MASS NUMBER, NUMBER OF PROTONS, NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND NEUTRONS SIMPLIFIED

48. EXAMPLE