1. Energy hn Photon Electron Frequency n “Size”? l = c/n momentum?
wave: each particle responsible for the wave motion stays
at the same average position,
just inducing the motion of the next particle.
(case of light wave in a dielectric)
TexPoint fonts used in EMF.
Read the TexPoint manual before you delete this box.: AAAAAAA

2. Nature of light, polarization
Light wave: electric-magnetic field oscillating transverse to the propagation direction
Medium?
Quantized amplitude
Zero-energy?
Photon: no mass, but an angular momentum and a linear momentum

3. + - E E Notion of the “ether”: a (fictitious?) medium to support the
propagation of light waves. Today the“ether” has simply given way to vacuum,
but it does not mean that the understanding of the nature of light has become simpler. + E E -
The “neutral” gear is missing
The minimum energy state of the quantum harmonic oscillator is not zero, but (1/2)hn.

4. Doppler Shift
Wave propagating to the right

5. E l e m e n t a r y E n e r g i e s (e V )
An attosecond is to the second, as a second
is to the age of the Universe (0: s).
Atomic motion on
molecular scale
Nuclear motion
in nuclei
Electronic motion on
atomic/molecular scales
Words in
speech
zepto
atto
femto
pico
nano
micro
mili
second
10-21
10-18
10-15
10-12
10-9
10-6
10-3
Time ( s )
Electrical network
Gamma-ray
X-ray
Microwave
Radio
Infrared
50 Hz fm mm pm nm m m Mm km
10-15
10-12
10-9
10-6
10-3
103
6000 km
W a v e l e n g t h ( m )
Pev
Gev
Mev
keV eV
meV
meV
neV
peV
106
103
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
1012
109
E l e m e n t a r y E n e r g i e s (e V )
The higher the frequency, the higher the precision, stability, accuracy (?????)

6. The more confined the wave,
the stronger its elementary energy

7. + + + (d) - - - Tunneling Multi Photon -E -E -E t t t e e e
High intensity! ??
MD? Chemist? NL optics? Filaments in air?
Multiphoton ionization? Tunneling
Tunneling
Multi Photon -E -E -E
(d) t t t - e + + + - e - e

8. Quarter wave to change from linear to circular
POLARIZATION
Changed by a wave plate
Quarter wave to change from linear to circular
Half wave plate to turn linear 90 degrees y y y x x x
Linear polarization
Quarter
wave
plate
circular polarization

9. Photon momentum: SPIN ANGULAR MOMENTUM Of light Mechanical
Kinetic Energy
5 pJ
20 kW
Green beam
Circularly polarized laser

10. Photon momentum: Kinetic energy ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Linear momentum
Kinetic energy

11. If there is a linear momentum of the photon, there is also an angular momentum
A mechanical gyroscope is based on the conservation of angular momentum
Best description of a laser gyro:
DOPPLER SHIFT SEEN BY THE OBSERVER RW
n( ) c R W
n( ) RW c 4A n
R W W
Dn = 2RW = = Pl c
l/2

12. If there is a linear momentum of the photon, there is also an angular momentum
Comptes rendus de l’academie des sciences pp (1913) M2 F M1 M3 B M4 L

13. The Fiber Optic Gyroscope or FOG is nothing more than the Sagnac interferometer
LASER D
FIBER

14. Radiation pressure
Mariana Trench:
1000 Bar
Plasma physicist: accelerate an electron to mass increase of 50% (1018 W/cm2)

15. Representation of the field - notations

16. Constructive and destructive
Waves of the same k vector, same frequency
Superposition
is just like adding two
vectors ,
Constructive and destructive
constructive
destructive

17. Waves of the same k vector, same frequency
Example of a laser:
Constructive interference: adding two co-propagating beams of amplitude
The intensity in each beam is
Incoherent sum: the total intensity is I = 2I0
Coherent constructive sum: the total intensity is I = 4I0
Coherent destructive sum: the total intensity is I = 0
What happened to energy conservation???