1. TEMPERATURE

2. Difference between heat and temperature?
Heat is the amount of thermal energy in an object because of its moving molecules.
Temperature is a measure of thermal energy or how fast molecules are moving in an object. The more you heat something, the faster the molecules move. This is what causes temperature to rise.
Measuring Tool for Heat: Thermometer

3. Heat and temperature are NOT the same thing.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of each particle within an object.
Thermal (heat) energy is the total energy of the particles that make up an object
For example, there is a lot more heat inside a glacier than in a pot of boiling water. The boiling water has a higher temperature, but the glacier has a lot more molecules. All the slower moving molecules in the large glacier equates to a higher thermal energy than the pot of hot water.

4. Heat
Heat is form of energy.
Heat can move from place to place.

5. TEMPERATURE
A measure of the average kinetic energy
Temperature is a measure of the level of heat
Temperature is not energy

6. Process of Heat energy Transfer
Conduction,
Radiation,
Convection

7. RADIATION
Is the process of transmission of energy from one body to other with out the aid of material medium – solid , liquid and gases.
all bodies radiate energy but the amount is depend on temperature of radiating body.
Examples of Radiation:
The Sun’s heat moves toward the Earth
through the electromagnetic waves in space
The heat of a campfire warms a troop of
Girl Scouts by moving from the fire to the
girls through the space between them.

8. CONDUCTION
Is the process of heat transfer through matter of molecular activity.
Heat transferred from one part of body to another by touching each other.
Heat flows from warmer part to cooler part of body to equalized the temperature.
Ability to conduct the heat depends on conductivity of substance. Eg – metal is good conductor while air is bad conductor of heat.
When touching a hot iron rod, the heat from the iron rod moves to your hands.

9. CONVECTION
Is the process of transfer of heat through movement of a mass or substance from one place to another.
Convection is possible only in gases and liquid because of internal mass movement.
In solid this type of heat transfer is impossible.

10. Radiation, Conduction, and Convection

11. Heating and cooling of Atmosphere
Sun is the primary source of heating for earth & atmosphere.
Heating of atmosphere is an indirect process.
Incoming solar radiation - Earth -heats the atmosphere
Continues Process of heat transmission.
With radiation, convection, conduction processes evaporation, condensation plays an imp roll in transferring energy from earth to atmosphere.

12. Partial absorption of solar radiation by atmosphere.
Conduction.
Terrestrial radiation.
Convection and Advection.
Latent heat of condensation.
Expansion and compression of air.

13. Controls of temperature
Latitude -

14. 2. Altitude
2. Altitude

15. Air is thinner at higher elevations
There are fewer heat-absorbing gases to absorb and reradiate earth’s heat

17. 3. Distribution of Land and water bodies
Effect the spatial and temporal distribution
Land surface become warm & cold more quickly than water bodies.
Temperature is more on land than water bodies.
Water is transparent / land is opaque.
Specific heat of water is higher than land
Water is fluid & mobile / land is solid & static.
Heat is distributed through turbulence, observe solar energy to greater depth in water bodies. Heat is distributed through slow process of conduction.
evaporation from water bodies is greater / evaporation is very low on landmasses.

19. Land and Water Contrasts
Opaque surface
Transparent
More evaporation
Less evaporation
Mixing of warm and cold
Low specific heat
Water takes 5 x longer to heat than land

21. OCEAN CURRENTS
Ocean currents are mobile in nature, equalized the temperature.
Cold currents - Benguela, California, labredor
Hot currents– north Atlantic drift, Bazillion.
The warm current raise the temperature of the nearby areas. While cold currents lower down the temperature of the adjacent area.
PREVAILING WINDS
As per effect same as above

23. Ocean Currents
Gulf Stream / North Atlantic Drift – warm current that keeps Northern Europe warm
California Current – cool current off our coast keeps coastal areas cool and help produce advection fog.

24. CLOUD COVER
Thick cloud cover reduces the amount of insolation received at a perticular place, lowering of day time temperature.
In case of clear skies amount of insolation received at a perticular place is more.
At the time of thick cloud cover there is restriction of the out going long wave radiation from earth to the outer space causes more temperature.
if there is clear skies temperature is less.

26. Mountain barriers
Nature of ground surface
Nature of ground slopes
Relief

27. HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF TAMPERATURE
TROPICAL ZONE
TEMPERATE ZONE
POLAR ZONE

28. Temperate zone Tropical zone Temperate zone Polar zone Polar zone
Six months daytime (March-Sept), six months night (Sept - March)
One day with 24 hours daylight (June 21st); one day with 24 hours darkness (Dec 21st)
North Pole 90°N
Polar zone
Arctic circle 66.5°N
Sun is overhead once a year (June 21st). Day length always at least 10 hours.
Temperate zone
Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N
Tropical zone
Constant day length - 12 hours day and night all year round
Equator 0°
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°N
Temperate zone
Sun is overhead once a year
(Dec 21st). Day length always at least 10 hours.
Polar zone
Antarctic circle 66.5°S
Polar zone
One day with 24 hours daylight (March 21st); one day with 24 hours darkness (June 21st)
South Pole 90°N
Six months daytime (Sept - March), six months night (March-Sept)

29. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION

30. INVERSION OF TEMPERATURE Normally temperature decreases with increasing altitudes. It is 1 degree C / 160 mts. ( thermal lapse rate ) but some times this trend changes to increasing temperature with increasing height under certain circumstances is called inversion of temperature. Inversion of temperature occur near the earth surface as well as at higher level. But near the earth surface it is shorter and greater height it is longer duration.

31. CAUSES / CONDITIONS FOR INVERSION OF TEMPERATURE LONG WINTER NEIGHTS
CLOUDLESS AND CLEAR SKY
PRESENCE OF DRY AIR NEAR GROUND
SLOW MOVEMENT OF AIR
SNOW COVERED GROUND SURFACE.

32. TYPES OF INVERSION OF TEMPERATURE
NON-ADVECTIONAL INVERSION
Ground / surface / radiation inversion.
occurs near earth surface due to radiation mechanism. Develop during the cold winter nights of snow covered region of mid latitudes. It is caused due to rapid rate of loss of heat from ground in form of long wave terrestrial radiation. So near ground the air is cooler than the above air laying on it which is relatively warmer.

33. 2. Upper air inversion
Thermal upper air inversion
cause of presence of Ozone layer at the 15 – 30 km in the stratosphere. Absorbs most of U.V. rays so temperature of this layer is much higher than the air laying below this layer.
Mechanical upper air inversion
cause at higher heights in atmosphere due to subsidence of air and turbulence and convective mechanisms occurs no of ways
Some time warm air suddenly transported upwards to the zone of cold air.

34. B. ADVECTIONAL INVERSION
this also called Dynamic inversion because it is always caused due to horizontal or vertical movement of air.
Frontal / cyclonic inversion
caused in temperate zone developed by temperate cyclone. formed due to convergence of warm westerly's and cold Polar air. Warm air is lighter than the cold air which is denser and heavier push up the warm air and inversion occur.

35. 2. Valley inversion occur in mountain valley due to vertical movement of air and the process of radiation. During winter nights temperature of upper part of mountain valley become so low due to rapid loss of heat from surface through terrestrial radiation. on the other hand the temperature of air in the valley does not fall considerably. Thus the air remains warmer than the above air. hence the warm and light air in valley pushed upward by the descending cold and heavier air of the upper part of valley