1. Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012

2. Cognition Domain

3. Memory

4. Information Processing
Module 22
Information Processing

5. Module Overview Encoding Storage Retrieval
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

6. Module 22: Information Processing
Encoding
Module 22: Information Processing

7. Information Processing Model
Encoding – process of getting information into the memory system.
Storage – The retention encoded information over time.
Retrieval – The process of getting information out of memory storage.

8. Information Processing Model

9. Encoding: Automatic Processing and Effortful Processing
Module 22: Information Processing

10. Automatic Processing
The unconscious and effortless process of encoding certain information
such as space, time and frequency.

11. Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
The best processing is through rehearsal or practice.

12. Automatic/Effortful Processing

13. Rehearsal The conscious repetition of information.
The more time spent on rehearsal, the more information one tends to remember.

14. Rehearsal and Retention

15. Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
German philosopher who did pioneering memory studies.
Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve”

16. Overlearning Continuing to rehearse even after it has been memorized
Rehearsing past the point of mastery
Helps ensure information will be available even under stress

17. Encoding: Serial Position Effect
Module 22: Information Processing

18. Serial Position Effect
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily.
Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near the beginning of a list
Recency effect – the ability to recall information near the end of a list

19. Primacy/Recency Effect

20. Encoding: Spacing of Rehearsal
Module 22: Information Processing

21. Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice

22. Distributed Practice
Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by period of time
Usually enhances the recalling of the information

23. Massed Practice
Putting all rehearsal together in one long session (cramming)
Not as effective as distributed practice

24. Encoding: Encoding Meaning
Module 22: Information Processing

25. Semantic Encoding Encoding of meaning.
Encoding information that is meaningful enhances recall

26. Semantic Encoding

27. Acoustic Encoding
Encoding information based on the sounds of the information

28. Acoustic Encoding

29. Visual Encoding
Encoding information based on the images of the information

30. Visual Encoding

31. Self-Reference Effect
Enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant
Making information meaningful to a person by making it relevant to one’s life

32. Encoding: Encoding Imagery
Module 22: Information Processing

33. Encoding Imagery Visual images easily encode
Especially extremely positive or negative images

34. Encoding: Mnemonic Devices
Module 22: Information Processing

35. Mnemonic Device A memory trick or technique.
“Every good boy does fine” to remember the notes on the lines of the scale
“People say you could have odd lots of good years” as a way to remember how to spell “psychology”

36. Method of Loci
Mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with imaginary places

37. Peg-Word System
Mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with a list of words already you have already memorized
Goal is to visualize the items to remember with the items on the pegs

38. Peg Word System

39. Encoding: Organizing Information
Module 22: Information Processing

40. Chunking Organizing information into meaningful units.
More information can be encoded if organized into meaningful chunks.

41. Chunking
Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.

42. Chunking
Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.

43. Chunking

44. Module 22: Information Processing
Storage
Module 22: Information Processing

45. Three Storage Systems Three distinct storage systems : Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory (includes Working Memory)
Long-Term Memory

46. Storage: Sensory Memory
Module 22: Information Processing

47. Sensory Memory
Brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system.
Iconic store – visual information
Echoic store – sound information
Information held just long enough to make a decision on its importance

48. Storage: Short-Term/Working Memory
Module 22: Information Processing

49. Short-Term Memory
The part of your memory system that contains information you are conscious aware of before it is stored more permanently or forgotten.
Holds approximately seven, plus or minus two, chunks of information
Can retain the information as long as it is rehearsed
Also called “working memory”

50. Short-Term Memory

51. Storage: Long-Term Memory
Module 22: Information Processing

52. Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Holds memories without conscious effort

53. Flashbulb Memory
A vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Can be personal memories or centered around a shared event

54. Storage: Memory and the Brain
Module 22: Information Processing

55. Long-Term Potentiation
An increase in a synapse’s firing efficiency that occurs when the sequence of neurons that represents a particular memory fires repeatedly;
believed to be the neural basis of learning and memory

56. Storage: Explicit and Implicit Memories
Module 22: Information Processing

57. Explicit Memory The memory of facts and experiences.
Processed through the hippocampus

58. Explicit Memories

59. Explicit Memories

60. Implicit Memory The memory of skills and procedures.
Processed through the cerebellum

61. Implicit Memories

62. Implicit Memories

63. Memory and the Hippocampus
Damage to the hippocampus would result in the inability to form new explicit memories, but the ability to remember the skills of implicit memories

64. Memory and the Hippocampus

65. Module 22: Information Processing
Retrieval
Module 22: Information Processing

66. Retrieval The process of getting information out of memory storage
Two forms of retrieval
Recall
Recognition

67. Recall
The type of retrieval in which you must search for information that you previously stored as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

68. Recognition
The type of retrieval in which you must identify items you learned earlier, as on a multiple choice test.

69. Retrieval

70. Module 22: Information Processing
Retrieval: Context
Module 22: Information Processing

71. Context Effect
The enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information.

72. Context Effect

73. Retrieval: State Dependency
Module 22: Information Processing

74. State Dependent Memory
The enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information.
The retrieval state is congruent with the encoding state

75. The End

76. Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
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Animation
Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible.
Adding slides to this presentation
Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

77. Teacher Information Domain Coding Key Terms and Definitions in Red
Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards.
Scientific Inquiry Domain
Biopsychology Domain
Development and Learning Domain
Social Context Domain
Cognition Domain
Individual Variation Domain
Applications of Psychological Science Domain
Key Terms and Definitions in Red
To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

78. Teacher Information
Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.
Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

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