1. Urinary System

3. Urinary System: Functions
Removal of Nitrogenous wastes by filtering blood
Results in the production of urine
Maintain water balance by removing excessive fluids
Electrolyte and pH balance of blood
Production of Hormones
Renin
Blood Pressure
Erythropoietin
Production of RBC’s
Calcitriol
Increases Calcium Absorption

4. The Kidneys
Right Kidney slightly lower than the left due to impaction of the liver
Attached to Ureters, Renal Blood Vessels, and nerves at Renal Hilus
Adrenal glands-atop each kidney
Filters 200 liters of blood daily
– 1200 mL each minute

5. Kidney Functions Kidneys Filter Blood Produce Urine
Maintains proper balance between water, salts, acids & bases

7. Urinary System: Anatomy
Male
Female

8. Urinary System Organs
Ureters – transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder via peristalsis

9. Urinary System Organs
Urinary Bladder – storage of urine

10. Bladder How Do We Pee? Composed of Micturition = Urination
Detrusor Muscle
Internal/External Sphincters
Micturition = Urination
Reflex
Contraction of Detrusor and relaxation of internal sphincter
Sensitive to Pressure
Distention triggers nerve sensation to signal need to urinate
The micturition reflex normally produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder. The flow of urine through the urethra has an overall excitatory role in micturition, which helps sustain voiding until the bladder is empty.

11. Urinary Bladder

12. Urethra – transports urine from the bladder to outside of the body

13. Physical Characteristics of Urine

14. Physical Characteristics of Urine
Color and transparency
Yellow (due to urochrome)
Concentrated urine has a deeper yellow color
Drugs, diet , and vitamins can alter the color of urine

15. Cloudy urine may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI)
Normal urine range
Urine becomes increasingly acidic as the amount of sodium and excess acid retained by the body increases. Alkaline urine, usually containing bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer, is normally excreted when there is an excess of base or alkali in the body.

16. Physical Characteristics of Urine
Odor
Standing urine develops an ammonia odor
Some drugs and vegetables (asparagus) alter the usual odor
FACTOID: Experts believe that those with a certain geneenzyme produce a digestive enzyme which breaks down the asparagus into various chemical compounds. One of those compounds is called methyl mercaptan, which is the same chemical which gives a skunk its defensive smell. One theory suggests that asparagus breaks down quickly in the body and an enzyme releases methyl mercaptan, which eventually goes through the kidneys and is excreted as a waste product in the urine.

17. URINE COMPOSITION 95% water, 5% solutes • Wastes composing urine:
Urea (made in liver from ammonia and CO2)
Uric acid (made from breakdown of certain amino acids)
Creatine (made from breakdown of muscle tissue)
Abnormally high concentrations may indicate infection

18. Substances that increase urinary output
Diuretics
Substances that increase urinary output
Alcohol – inhibits the release of ADH
Caffeine and OTC (over the counter) drugs – inhibit Na+ absorption
Lasix & Diuril – prescription medications that inhibit Na+ absorption
Antidiuretic hormone
Lasix-Furosemide is used to reduce extra fluid in the body (edema) caused by conditions such as heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disease. ...
This drug is also used to treat high blood pressure. 

19. Urine Voiding Phase Storage Phase
Preganglionic neurons cause bladder to voluntarily contract causing intravesical pressure to increase
External Sphincter relaxes allowing urine to flow out of the bladder
Excitatory Process  Continues voiding until empty
Males – Bulbospongiosus Muscle eliminates remaining urine
Females – Gravity empties remaining urine
Storage Phase
Law of LaPLace
Tension increases as the spherical viscus fills but so does the radius
Results in slight pressure variation until viscus is full
Stretch receptors minimal therefore afferent nerve output is a low frequency
Once bladder is full, afferent output fires at a maximum rate until voiding occurs

20. Specific Gravity Amount of solute concentration in urine
Range is between
If too high= then too many solutes and too little water
If too low= then too few solutes & too much water

21. Urinalysis
pH: measures acids & bases
Specific Gravity: measures concentration of solutes
Ketones: product of rapid breakdown of fatty acids
Glucose: sugar should be absent
Bilirubin: pigment found in bile

22. Urinalysis Protein: should be absent, sign of glomerulus problem
Urobilirubin: can predict liver/gall bladder problem
Leukocytes: linked to bacterial infection
Color: what it looks like
Nitrite: indicates UTI
Hemoglobin: RBC’s broken down & enter bloodstream

23. Urine Production

24. Closer look at Kidney Cortex – Outer Region of Kidney
Consists of millions of nephrons
Area of urine production
Medulla - Inner Portion of Kidney
Consists of Medullary Pyramids (Urine Collection)
Calyces
Collects Urine from Medullary Pyramids; Drains in to Renal Pelvis
Renal Pelvis
Wide, top part of ureter
Collects Urine from Calyces and drains urine into the ureter

26. Nephrons Glomerulus Bowman’s Capsule Renal Tubule Blood Filtration
Surrounds Glomerulus
Collects Wastes for Passage to Renal Tubule
Renal Tubule
Reabsorption
Water, Glucose, Amino Acids
Secretion
Drugs, Wastes

28. Order of urine formation
Glomerulus &
Bowman’s
Capsule
Proximal
Convoluted
Tube
Loop of
Henle
Distal
Collecting
Duct/Tube
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
You Urinate J

29. Renal System Video