1. CHAPTER 13 NOTES
Selective breeding - only those animals with desired characteristics reproduce.
Humans use it to take advantage of natural genetic variation in plants, animals, etc..

2. Breeders can increase genetic variation (differences) by inducing (causing) mutations.
Can be caused by Radiation, Strong Chemicals, UV light

3. Hybridization – mating 2 dissimilar things to bring together the best of both.
Hybrids the individuals produced, which are often hardier (stronger and healthier) than the parents.

4. Inbreeding breeding individuals with similar traits over and over.
Inbreeding can lead to problems - there is a greater chance of bringing together two recessive alleles…causing deformities, etc.

5. Genetic engineering - making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.

6. restriction enzymes cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
They cuts the molecule at specific sequences. The cut ends are called sticky ends that match with complementary base sequences. Restriction enzymes are also used to edit DNA.

7. Gel (or DNA) electrophoresis DNA fragments are placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied the DNA molecules move to the end of the gel creating bands used to compare the genes for relatedness.

8. DNA Fingerprinting

9. recombinant DNA - taking a gene from one organism and attach it to the DNA of another organism.

10. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) making many copies of a particular gene for analysis.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to make multiple copies of genes. Just a few dozen cycles of replication can produce millions of copies of the DNA between those primers.

11. Transformation - a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell
Transformation - a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. And incorporates it into it’s DNA.
plasmid - A circular piece of DNA in bacteria. Used in transformation to create things like human insulin and growth hormone.

12. The DNA molecules used for transformation of animal and plant cells contain marker genes that enable biologists to identify which cells have been transformed.

13. Genetic marker—a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't.
transgenic, meaning that they contain genes from other species.
A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.