2. Genetically Modified Organisms
Any creature that has a gene from another creature
Can be an animal, plant, or bacterial gene

3. Specific “Biotech”niques Sometimes referred to as Genetic Engineering
Bacterial transformation
Cloning
Transgenics or Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Gel Electrophoresis
Stem Cell use
Gene therapy

4. Bacterial Transformation
The changing of one strain of bacteria into another strain
Plasmid: the bacteria’s DNA
Recombinant Plasmid: the bacteria’s DNA with the added DNA from another organism

5. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
1-Remove the plasmid from the bacteria cell.

6. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
2-Isolate the gene of interest on the DNA from the other specimen.
A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes for a protein we want more of

7. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
3-Open the plasmid by cutting it with a restriction enzyme
This leaves “sticky ends”
Which need to be the complement of the sticky ends left on the DNA fragment you want to insert.

8. Sticky Ends

9. Sticky Ends
The restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA at the sequence GAATTC, between the G and the A

10. Sticky Ends

11. Sticky Ends

12. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
4-Insert the gene of interest

13. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
5-Insert the plasmid with recombinant DNA into a new bacterium.
Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms

14. Steps of Bacterial Transformation
6-The bacteria reproduces itself and the plasmid. All descendants express the inserted gene