1. Western Civilization II
Professor Markellos

2. What is History?

3. Conditions of History
Passion
Progress
Success
Envy
Hate
Fate

4. Patterns in History Is History cyclical or linear?
Do you view it as a pattern, which repeats over and over?
Do you view it as a progression of one damn thing after another?
1. If a pattern ... cyclical ... then how do we avoid mistakes?
2. If a progression ... linear ... is there a clear end in sight?

5. What You Will Learn
This course will unravel some of the complexities of the past.
We will look to explain, analyze, and appreciate the patterns of history.
Truffle-Hunter Theory of History

6. What You Will Do Cognitively and actively participate in class.
Do ALL the readings and react.
Take notes on the lecture points.
Prepare questions for discussion.
Review the syllabus for dates and topics
Quizzes (25%), Essay (25%) Exams (50%)

7. Quizzes Approximately once a week you will get a reading quiz.
10 total quizzes for 25%
If you miss class, you cannot retake a quiz.

8. Essays There are 8 essay topics and you will pick ONE.
Essay is on an outside reading that pertains to the topic covered that week.
Due on the date of the lecture.

9. Exams Two TOTAL Exams - Midterm and Final
Two Parts - Historical ID’s and Essay
Tests your ability to see the larger picture and make connections.

10. Resources
Web: nicholas-markellos.weebly.com
Lecture Notes: The Topic Points for Class.

11. Western Civilization II
Week 1:
The Rise of Modernity

12. Modes of Progress The Role of the Modern Man in society Individualism
Signs of Progress - developments in the economy, society, and politics.

13. Making of Modernity
End of the Middle Ages - Collapse of Feudalism - New Nation-States emerge
Renaissance and Reformation - Cities Grow
Age of Exploration - Mercantilism and Capitalism
Scientific Revolution - The Method
Enlightenment - The Public Sphere

14. End of the Middle Ages The 12th and 13th centuries Europe flourished.
In the 14th and 15th centuries there is a great decline.
Pre-Renaissance Europe was hit with social, political, and economic distress.

15. The Break Down Hundred Years War - 1337-1453
Black Death - Plague hits Western Europe
Great Schism
Conciliar Movement
Humanism - Reacting to Scholastics

16. The Renaissance
The late Middle Ages was a time of creative fragmentation.
Three Crises: Religion, Plague, Government.
Italy flourished between mainly because of location.
The Italian City-States - merchants and bankers
The Italian City-State - merchants and bankers

17. Growth of City-States
Urban culture was assisted by the constant war between emperor (Ghibelline) and Pope (Guelf).
This war strengthened the merchant oligarchies in the cities and by the 15th century led to despotism.
Unlike Northern Europe ruled by kingdoms, Italy was made up of independent states.

19. A Nation Divided 1377 - The Church’s power starts to fade.
Avignon Papacy - splits the church
Bishops lose their power to wealthy families.
Merchants and Bankers flourish among the chaos.

20. Mercantilism The Italian Peninsula became the HUB for Western Europe.
Merchant Class developed
Birth of the Banking System
Working Class - Manufacturing goods became popular.

21. Modernity Emerges Jacob Burckhardt: Civilization of Renaissance Italy.
Revival of Classical Studies
Self-Conscious Individuals
Growth of Secular Ideas of the State
But were the Middle Ages an irrelevant interruption in the development of Modern Society?

22. Revolt of the Medievalists
Medievalists have pointed out that the Middle Ages have produced:
Passionate, fully self-aware individuals
Coherent theories of state
Great Nationalistic Art
Changes made in the 14th & 15th centuries not significant

23. Medieval Institutions
Parliamentary Government
University Education
Legal Tradition

24. Recasting the Renaissance
One cannot deny the changes that occurred from the 14th to the 15th century, but these were not dramatic changes.
The culture of the Renaissance can be described as a boy growing into a man … it is a gradual process, not immediate.

25. Essence of Individualism
Individualism of the Renaissance gave way to the Reformers of the 16th century.
Man by himself achieves nothing through the gift of spirit or grace.
Faith through the salvation of Christ

26. Reformation Martin Luther and John Calvin main figures.
Failure in the face of the law - Antinomianism
Saving Faith - Not Works
Christian liberation paved the way for Individualism
Looking for something more worldly

27. Modernity
Three Major Aspects:
Capitalism
Science
Democracy

28. Capitalism
Max Weber: wrote extensively on Modernization and Global Imperialism
Protestant Work Ethic & the Spirit of Capitalism
Werner Sombart: Economic Historian who wrote on Luxury and Capitalism

29. Weber’s Thesis
What Luther and Calvin set out in the Reformation enabled Capitalism to work smoothly.
The notion of the calling
Predestination - determined whether you were going to be successful

30. Sombart’s Thesis Capitalism and Luxury
The Renaissance gave people the opportunity to gain luxury goods
Created a bourgeois lifestyle — Progress as determined by status
Work hard and you will get your reward

31. Science
About eternal “things” rather than about contemplating “things”
Protestants encouraged working to gain a reward.
Science - Use - Service of God
Improving the world - Connects to Capitalism.
Socio-economic Status —> Not determined by privilege

32. Democracy Transformation of the Priest to the Preacher
Enlightenment created the public sphere
Capitalism had a demoralizing effect
Calvin suggested that human beings are rotten and need law and morality…. Quis custodiet custodies
But what is the best form of government?
Hobbes vs. Locke

33. Next Week Rise of Sovereignty
Briefly trace the paths to power of England and France in 17th century and define what differences were in the two distinct formations.