1. Doing t-tests by hand

2. Four steps Set up null and alternative hypothesis
Directional? Non-directional?
Determine t-critical from table
One-sample? Independent sample? Dependent (or paired sample)?
Compute t-obtained
Compare t-obtained to t-critical. If t-obtained is larger then you have significance

3. Formula for one sample
t obtained = Sample mean – Population mean / standard error of mean

4. Independent samples
t obtained = M1 – M2 / standard error of difference between the means

5. Dependent or Paired Samples
Be sure to work with the Differences between your paired scores – NOT the original scores
t obtained = mean of differences / standard error of mean of differences