1. From Memory No Discussion No Prompts
Immediate Activity
Spaced Retrieval
From Memory No Discussion No Prompts
Taylor argues that globalisation results in an increase in crime across all social classes. How?
According to left realists what are the causes of crime?
What solutions do they offer?
Lemert distinguishes between primary and secondary deviance. Which best describes primary deviance?
Acts which have not been publically labelled
Acts which happen as a consequence of being labelled
Chambliss argues that the law is largely designed to protect private property, what school of thought is he from?

2. What is Green crime and how is it liked to globalisation?
Sociological classification of green crimes
The impact of environmental crime within sociology
Evaluation of key perspectives, analysis of how they can (or can not) be applied to real life

3. Green Crime
Green crime is defined by Nigel South as ‘Crime against the environment’.
It is linked to Globalisation and the idea of transnational boundaries Regardless of the division of nation –states, the planet is one unified eco-system which is global rather than local.
Therefore, Green Crime goes beyond political boarders.

4. Green crime and Global Risk
Ulrich Beck (1992) argues that society today is a Global Risk Society. This means that risks in the modern era are ‘man-made’ or ‘manufactured risks’, and so we cannot predict the consequences to these, e.g., global warming, flooding etc.
This links in with the idea that individuals have adopted ‘Risk Consciousness’. Green crime is therefore on the socio-political agenda.

5. Global risk society demonstration
In 2010 Global warming caused a heat wave in Russia, causing wild fires that destroyed much of the country’s grain crop leading to a shortage which push the price of grain up
this demonstrates the ‘global risks’ we now face. Ulrich Beck argues that late modern society is a global risk society with global problems created by human actions e.g. pollution causing global warming
10,801 Km away the effects of this were felt in Mozambique which relies on food imports since a drought (also caused by global warming) destroyed its own crops. Russia putting its prices up due to shortage caused bread prices in Mozambique (made with Russian flour) to rise by 30% leading to riots which killed at least 12 people

6. Tasks
Give some examples of the ‘man made’ or manufactured risks that are risking the planet. .

7. Dumping of hazardous waste Fly tipping Bush fires
What was on your list?
Air pollution
Deforestation
Species extinction
Water pollution
Dumping of hazardous waste
Fly tipping
Bush fires

9. Garbage Island:

10. The two Green Criminologies - Traditional
Traditional green criminology focuses on Green Crime which has by definition broken environmental law. They are interested with regulations concerning the environment.
For example, sociologists such as Situ and Emmons (2000) define environmental crime as “an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law”. It investigates the patterns and causes of law breaking.
These sociologists are holistic/structuralist sociologists and positivists in methodology.

11. Species decline/Animal rights Hazardous waste and organised crime
Types of Green Crimes
Types of green crimes
Primary
Air pollution
Deforestation
Species decline/Animal rights
Water pollution
Secondary
Hazardous waste and organised crime

12. The two Green Criminologies - Contemporary
Contemporary green criminology (CGC) is more concerned with the idea of harm rather than criminal law. They are interested in zemiology. (The study of social harms).
Rob White (2008) argues that ‘proper’ criminology is about action which is deviant or harmful and which does not necessarily break the law.
For this reason, Contemporary Green criminology is known as Transgressive Criminology. It crosses the boundaries between law-breaking and new issues of harm.

13. Immediate activity No notes, no text books, no discussion
Anomie means normlessness, and a sense of isolation from and confusion about societies norms and values. Who argues that this is increased during periods of rapid social change and is a root cause of crime?
Durkheim
Merton categorises people’s response to strain into 5 groups what are they?
Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion
Sutherland argues that crime is a behaviour learnt from others around us and so become normalised behaviour, what is this concept called how could this explain corporate crime?
Differential association- corporate environments suggest profits at all cost and suggests that everyone is doing it therefore its normal

14. Primary Crimes:
Are ‘Those crimes where the environment itself is damaged’. South defines them as…
Crimes of Air Pollution: Burning fossil fuels from industry and transport adds 3 billion tons of Carbon to the atmosphere every year
Crimes of deforestation: Between 1960 and 1990, one fifth of the world’s tropical rainforests was destroyed, for example through illegal logging
Crimes of Species Decline and Animal Rights:50 species a day are becoming extinct, and 46% of mammals and 11% of bird species are at risk.
Crimes of Water Pollution: Half a billion people lack access to drinking water and 25 million die annually from drinking contaminated water.

15. Secondary Crimes: South suggests two example of them as…
Are ‘Are crimes that come out of conflicts between humans and the environment but are not defined as the harm to the environment. ’
South suggests two example of them as…
State Violence against oppositional Groups: States condemn terrorism, but they have been prepared to resort to similar illegal methods themselves. For example in 1985 the French secret police blew up a Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand, killing one member of the crew.
Hazardous Waste and Organised Crime:. Disposal of toxic waste from the chemical, nuclear and other industries is highly profitable. Because of the high costs of safe and legal disposal, businesses may seek to dispose of such waste illegally.

16. The Two Green Criminologies - Contemporary
For these theorists, because criminal law is relative to each country, the same harmful environmental action may not be a crime in one country to the next.
Legal definitions cannot provide a consistent standardisation of the harm. Definitions of green crime are tangled in political processes.
Contemporary Green Criminologists have developed a global perspective on environmental harm. This approach is known as zeminology.

17. Transnational organisations: Trafigura

18. Transnational organisations
Transnational corporations adopt an anthropocentric view of environmental harm. This means that they believe that humans have the right to dominate nature for their own benefit. Economic growth comes before the environment.
Transnational organisations sell toxic waste to developing nations to dispose of, contributing to eco-poverty. Organised crime groups also deal with toxic waste, dumping it cheaply but illegally resulting in less financial cost for the companies producing the waste but considerable environmental harm.

19. The Development of Legislation
A major part of criminology is concerned with the study of law-making – criminalisation.
Most industrialised countries, health statutes and criminal laws usually date from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Prior to the 1970s there was little legislation – it only occurred when death rates increased because of such an issue.
The issue was brought into the limelight by The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972.
Since then there has been an enhanced awareness of green issues and with this conferences such as The Earth Summit held at Rio in 1992 and Earth Summit 2 in New York in 1997 and Rio Earth Summit 2012.

20. Green Crime and Social Exclusion
An important aspect of green crimes – as with so many crimes – is their link to inequalities. Indeed, we can speak of environmental racism as the pattern by which environmental hazards are perceived to be greatest in proximity to poor people, and especially those belonging to minorities.
For example, while many homes in rich countries can consume more than 2,000 litres of good-quality water every day, some 500 million people around the globe suffer from an almost total lack of drinking water. The World Health Organisation suggests a basic requirement of 150 litres per day per household.

21. Theory and Green Crime:

22. Marxism and Green Crime. Taylor
Marxism focuses on green crime as an act of power. The ruling class shape and define the law to benefit their own exploitative interests on the environment.
Such laws benefit transnational corporations. White-collar crime is uneasily detected, esp. if in developing nations. Green crime is focused on a smaller scale to detract from large organisations.

23. Eco-Feminism- Susan Lahar
Eco-feminists believe in an eco-centric view that humans, and particularly women are interdependent with the environment. Environmental harm hurts humans too.
Both the environment and humans are liable to exploitation, particularly by global capitalism.
Eco-feminists believe that the earth is oppressed and exploited in the way women face patriarchy. Men are to blame for environmental harm. Women do not harm the earth due to their ‘natural’ and maternal instincts.

24. An Evaluation of Green Criminology Strengths
It recognises the growing importance of environmental issues and the need to address the harms and risks of environmental damage, both to humans and non human animals. .

25. An Evaluation of Green Criminology Weaknesses
However, by focusing on the much broader concern of harms rather than simply on legally defined crimes, it is hard to define the boundaries of its field of study clearly.
Defining these boundaries involves making moral judgements about which actions should be regarded as wrong.
Critics argue that this is a matter of values and cannot be established objectively.

26. Plenary 3- Examples of green crime
2- Theoretical approaches to green crime
1- Legislation associated with green crime. .