1. Solutions and Solubility

2. A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s). It gets dissolved.
The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount. It does the dissolving.
12.1

3. TYPES OF SOLUTIONS SOLUTE SOLVENT EXAMPLE GAS Air LIQUID Seltzer (CO2)
Antifreeze (ethyl glycol in water)
SOLID
Sea water ( salt in water)
Charcoal filter (poisonous gases in carbon)
Dental filling (mercury in silver)
Sterling silver (copper in silver)

4. Alloys
An alloy is a metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements. The elements are not chemically combined and can be separated by physical means (boiling point).
Examples: Brass
Stainless Steel
Jewelry
‘Alloy Wheels’

5. TYPES OF ALLOYS ALLOY COMPONENT USES Babbitt Tin, antimony, copper
Bearings
Bell metal
Copper, tin
Bells
Coinage metals
Copper, tin, zinc
Coins
16 karat gold
Gold, copper, silver
Jewelry
Sterling
Silver, copper
Jewelry, flatware
Nichrome
Nickel, iron, chromium, manganese
Heating elements

6. How do you know if something is dissolving and is becoming a solution or reacting? Dissolution vs reaction
Ni(s) + HCl(aq)
NiCl2(aq) + H2(g)
dry
NiCl2(s)
Dissolution is a physical change—you can get back the original solute by evaporating the solvent.
If you can’t, the substance didn’t dissolve, it reacted.

7. Soluble: when a solid or gas solute dissolves
Insoluble: when solid or gas solute does not dissolve
Miscible: Liquid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent
Immiscible: liquid solute does not dissolve in liquid solvent

8. Types of Solutions

9. Unsaturated Solution
Less than the maximum amount of solute for that temperature is dissolved in the solvent.
Solvent can hold more
No solid remains in flask.

10. Saturated Solution
Solvent has reached its maximum holding capacity of solute at that temperature.
Undissolved solid remains in flask.
Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with solid solute particles.

11. Supersaturated Solution
Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temperature. This is done by heating up the solution and forcing it to hold more than its maximum.
These solutions are unstable; crystallization can often be stimulated by cooling and or by adding a “seed crystal” or shaking / scratching the side of the flask.

12. SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
Solubility
UNSATURATED SOLUTION
more solute dissolves
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
increasing concentration