1. Virtuous Violence Part 2
Fiske & Rai, 2015

2. Pleasing Gods
Human and animal sacrifice
Self-sacrifice

3. Religion and Morality (McKay & Whitehouse, 2015)

4. 2nd look at theory
Morality = “the intentions, motivations, evaluations, and conjoined emotions that operate to realize ideal models of social relationships in a culturally meaningful manner” (p. 135)
Why do humans need morality?
What determines whether an action is “moral”?
Is morality automatic or controlled?
How does VVT incorporate other theories of violence based on personality, etc.?
Proximate vs. ultimate causes

5. Are killers…. Evil? Rational? Impulsive? Morally disengaged?
Self-control/regulation theories (e.g., Dollard et al., 1939; Finkel; Baumeister)
Morally disengaged?
Bandura
Table 10.1 (p. 160)
What types of things does VVT not explain? What other theories cover those areas?
Could VV theory be used as an argument in a trial? 

6. Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, & Pastorelli, 1996

7. Social Connection Enables Dehumanization (Waytz & Epley, 2012; Experiment 4)
59 participants from Chicago population
Randomly assigned to arrive with a friend or arrive alone
Received packet with 11 faces, “of terrorists responsible for plotting the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center that killed thousands of U.S. citizens,” completed moral disengagement scale (Bandura et al., 1996), and willingness to endorse human harm questions (5)
In the connection condition (with a friend), participants dehumanized detainees and endorsed harming them more than participants in the control condition

8. IPV
How is IPV seen as “moral”?

9. Rape What are the major motivators of rape, according to the authors?
What is a problem with knowing the causes of rape?
Thornhill & Palmer, Natural History of Rape, 2000
According to VV theory, would the recent #metoo movement reduce rape and sexual assaults, or further upset AR relationships (e.g., between men and women)? 

10. The Dark Side of Men: The Nature of Masculinity and Its Uneasy Relationship With Male Rape (Javaid, 2015)
Literature Review
Pressure to fulfill expected identities
Even if it may clash with inner beliefs, emotions, and behavior
Heterosexualtiy is superior to homosexuality
Perpetrator executes power and control, asserts hegemonic masculinity
Victim is humiliated, degraded, and his masculinity is weakened, which strengthens the perpetrator
AR, CS relationships

11. Hazing and initiation rites
How do F&R explain hazing?
Aronson & Mills, 1959—is this an alternative, or does it fit with VVT?
What initiation rites do we have in our culture?
Waldron et al., 2011 (p. 182)
Is FGM violence? MGM?

12. Torture How does the theory explain torture?
On page 195, "Farid's previous history of terrorist acts was a slightly better predictor of support for torture than the likelihood of his providing useful information." Do you think this is parallel to how prisoners are viewed, and why it is hard for them to be integrated back into society after being released from prison? 

13. The Effects of Moral and Pragmatic Arguments Against Torture on Demands for Judicial Reform (Leidner, Kardos, and Castano 2018; Study 1)
Compare moral and pragmatic arguments against torture
Moral: torture violates human rights
Pragmatic: torture does not work
191 participants from Craigslist
Read fictitious news article, demands for justice (measure), and manipulation checks
Moral arguments against torture resulted in stronger demands for redressing injustice of torture compared to pragmatic or no arguments

14. Murder How does the theory explain murder? School shootings?
Shootings by those suffering from mental illnesses?

15. Group projects Why do scientists work in groups?
What are some pitfalls to watch out for?
How can you work most effectively in a group?
How can you deal with the pitfalls?
Discuss with your group