1. Ms. Saint-Paul A.P. Psychology
Chapter 6 (A): Learning
Ms. Saint-Paul
A.P. Psychology

2. Chapter Overview How Do We Learn?
Classical Conditioning Pavlov, Watson
Operant Conditioning Skinner
Learning By Observation Bandura

3. Essential Question
How do humans learn, and how do experience and association contribute to the learning process?

4. Identify learning as a psychological process.
Learning Objectives
Identify learning as a psychological process.
Identify some ways that people and animals learn from their environments.
Identify how can learning change one’s thoughts and behavior.

5. Ms. Saint-Paul A.P. Psychology
Chapter 6: Learning
Ms. Saint-Paul
A.P. Psychology

6. Learning
Learning:
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s thought and behavior due to experience

7. Associative Learning Associative Learning:
Learning that certain events occur together naturally.
Ex: (Fresh Bread, Eat it , find satisfying)
Ex: (Sound/Fear)
Learning Association often operate subtly.
Ex: Red pens/Error
Learning Association also feed habitual behavior.
A repeated behavior in a given context,
Ex: Movies and Popcorn
Evoke behaviors
Conditioning: the process of learning these associations
Classical
Association of two separate stimuli
Operant
Association of a response and its consequences

8. Associative Learning (Create List in Journal)
Consider the following stimuli:
With what do you typically associate each stimuli?
The sight of dark clouds =
The sound of a marching band =
The taste of chicken soup =
The smell of hotdogs and hamburgers =
The feel of the warm sun on your skin =

9. Why Do We Associate?
Why do we typically associate such events with one another?
They typically occur with/as a result of one another
Natural Stimulus elicits Natural Response
(e.g. dark clouds = “rain”)

10. Associative Learning: Classical Conditioning
Learning to associate one stimulus with another.

11. Classical Conditioning
A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus
Helps organisms anticipate events
E.g. Dark clouds (natural stimulus) elicit “rain”
E.g. Umbrellas (neutral stimulus), when paired with dark clouds (natural stimulus) elicit “rain”

12. Ivan Pavlov ( )
a Russian physiologist who exposed classical conditioning to the world.
He was one who realized learning occurs when a neutral stimulus (a stimulus that does not elicit any response) comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about a response.

13. Pavlov’s Experiments
Parts of Classical Conditioning (replace “conditioned” with “learned” – easier to remember)
Unconditioned stimulus (US) – naturally triggers a response
Unconditioned response (UR) – natural response to the US
Conditioned stimulus (CS) – originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, triggers a CR
Conditioned response (CR) – the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

14. Pavlov’s Experiments

15. Pavlov’s Experiments

16. Pavlov’s Experiments

17. Pavlov’s Experiments

18. Classical Conditioning
Why might psychologists be interested in studying Classical Conditioning in humans and animals?
How does Classical Conditioning promote an organism’s survival?
What are some examples of things that you have been classically conditioned to respond to?
What are some examples of things that your pets have been classically conditioned to respond to?

19. Review What is Classical Conditioning?
How does it suggest that we learn?
Differentiate between the following:
Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)

20. Do-Now: (In Notes) Pavlov’s Experiment in “Classical Conditioning”
Identify the following components of Pavlov’s experiment.
1.__ Neutral Stimulus
2.__ Unconditioned (Unlearned) Stimulus
3.__ Unconditioned (Unlearned) Response
4.__ Conditioned (Learned) Stimulus
5.__ Conditioned (Learned) Response
A. Bell B. Food C. Salivation (to Food) D. Salivation (to Bell)

21. Unit 6 (B): Classical Conditioning: Expanding Pavlov’s Understanding
Ms. Saint-Paul
A.P. Psychology

22. Acquisition Higher-Order Conditioning:
The conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
E.g. An animal that learns that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and may begin responding to the light alone

23. Acquisition
The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) needs to come half a second before
the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) for acquisition to occur.

24. Acquisition Classical Conditioning: Operant Conditioning:
Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus needs to come before the UCS for conditioning to occur (most cases).
The time between the two stimuli should be about half a second.
Operant Conditioning:
The strengthening of a reinforced response ( by providing reinforcement).

25. Extinction Extinction: The diminishing of a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning:
An unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)
Operant Conditioning:
A response is no longer reinforced

26. Extinction
How could Pavlov make the conditioned response (salivating to the sound of a bell) become extinct?

27. Spontaneous Recovery
After a rest period (Pause) an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers and if the CS (tone ) persists alone becomes extinct again

28. Generalization Generalization:
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS.
John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner: “Little Albert”

30. Generalization
Interpret this quote:
“The cat, having sat upon a hot stove lid, will not sit upon a hot stove lid again. But he won't sit upon a cold stove lid, either.”
–Mark Twain

31. Discrimination Discrimination:
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

32. pet dog may exhibit discrimination
Can you think of an
example of how a
pet dog may exhibit discrimination
of a stimulus?

33. Review What is acquisition?
Provide an example of the following elements of Classical Conditioning:
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
In what ways was the Study of “Little Albert” unethical?