1. Do-Now: Describe the following phenomena of Classical Conditioning:
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery

2. Chapter 6 (C): Operant Conditioning
Ms. Saint-Paul
A.P. Psychology

3. What is Operant Conditioning and how does it differ from Classical Conditioning?

4. Classical Vs. Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US)
Respondent Behavior
Operant conditioning forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events.
Operant Behavior

5. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning:
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished by a punishment

6. Edward Thorndike Law of effect
This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again
Responses that produce desirable results will learned, or “ stamped’ into the organism.
Ex: Found that a hungry cats in a puzzle box would work diligently to solve the puzzle by trial and error to obtain the food reward outside the box.
Gradually, on succeeding trials and wrong responses were eliminated & effective response were strengthen.

7. Operant Chamber
Using Thorndike's law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the operant chamber, or the “Skinner Box,” to study operant conditioning.

8. Operant Chamber
The Operant Chamber, or “Skinner Box,” comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or water.
The bar or key is connected to devices that record the animal’s response.

9. Shaping
Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations.
A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes.

10. Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer:
Any event that strengthens (reinforces) the behavior it follows
A reinforcement is a reward

11. Types of Reinforcers

12. Positive & Negative Reinforcers
Positive Reinforcement: Increase in response by adding/giving a positive stimulus
Ex: Getting $5 for each A on your report card.
Negative Reinforcement: Increase in response by removing an aversive (negative) stimulus
Ex: Aspirin/Headache

13. Types of Reinforcers Primary Reinforcer:
An innately reinforcing stimulus
Often satisfies a biological need
E.g. food, drink and pleasure
Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcer:
Is a learned reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
E.g. Money, Grades, Applaud, etc.

14. Schedules of Reinforcement
Terms to consider:
Fixed:
Set/Pre-determined
Variable:
Changeable/Unpredictable
Ratio:
Number of times
Interval:
Amount of time intervals

15. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio:
Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
E.g. Buy 10 coffees, get one free/ Reward cards
Variable-Ratio:
Reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses
E.g. Slot machines

16. Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Interval:
Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
E.g. Bi-weekly pay checks
Variable-Interval:
Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
E.g. Pop quizzes

17. Schedules of Reinforcement

18. Punishment

19. If not, what other alternatives do you support?
Punishment
Do you feel that punishment is effective, and under what types of circumstances?
If not, what other alternatives do you support?

20. Punishment Effects of Punishment on Behavior:
Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten
Punishment does not teach appropriate behavior
Punishment causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence
Punishment can teach fear
Justifies pain to others
Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems

21. Reminder Chapter 6 Test Tuesday, 12/11/2017
Chapter 8 Outline: “Memory” 12/11/2017

22. Chapter 6 (D): Operant Conditioning: Expanding Skinner’s Understanding
Ms. Saint-Paul
A.P. Psychology

23. “Do Now” What is Operant Conditioning?
Describe the following types of reinforcement:
Positive
Negative
Primary
Secondary (Conditioned)
Describe the following schedules of reinforcement:
Fixed-Ratio
Variable-Ratio
Fixed-Interval
Variable-Interval
Which one do you think is least effective?
Which one do you think is most effective?
Which one do you think is most addictive?
What are some ways that punishment affects behavior?

24. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map:
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment.
E.g. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. Often not demonstrated until there is a reward presented.

25. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Latent Learning:
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Ex: ( Children, Passenger)

26. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Can you think of other examples when you experienced latent learning?

27. Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Insight:
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

28. Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation:
A desire to perform a behavior because you enjoy the activity itself.
Ex: Diary
Extrinsic Motivation:
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Outward motivation
Ex: Diary/Profit

29. Biology and Operant Conditioning
Biological constraints
Is the limitations on a species ability to learn new tasks that are imposed by physical restraints or cognitive (mental) abilities of the species.
Breland and Breland (1961) showed that animals drift toward their biologically predisposed instinctive behaviors
Marian Breland Bailey

30. Operant Vs. Classical Conditioning

31. Homework Unit 6 Test: “Learning” Monday 12/11/17
Chapter 7 Outline due Monday 12/11/17

32. I Learned… (Turn in)
What is a cognitive map? How did rats use it in operant conditioning?
What is latent learning? Provide an example.
What is insight? What is its role in problem-solving?
What is the difference between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation?
In what ways do organisms’ biology influence operant conditioning?