1. Cell metabolism, transport, & reproduction

2. Membrane Transport Passive Transport (No energy required) Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
IMPORTANT FOR YOUR CELLS ABOSPTION OF WATER AND GLUCOSE

3. DIFFUSION Diffusion is a PASSIVE process Trying to reach EQUILIBRIUM
The Plasma Membrane
4/3/2019
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a PASSIVE process
no energy is used to make the molecules move.
Trying to reach EQUILIBRIUM
Same amount of particles inside as outside
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

4. Two types of diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Simple Diffusion
The Plasma Membrane
4/3/2019
Two types of diffusion
Facilitated
Diffusion
Simple
Diffusion
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

5. Doesn’t require energy
The Plasma Membrane
4/3/2019
Simple Diffusion
Doesn’t require energy
Moves high to low concentration
Example: Oxygen diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

6. Facilitated diffusion
The Plasma Membrane
4/3/2019
Facilitated diffusion
Doesn’t require energy
Uses channel proteins to move high to low concentration
Examples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood into a cell.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

7. Membrane Transport Osmosis
There is an inverse relationship between the concentration of solute and the amount of water present
Water will always move from high to low consentration
Descriptions that are used are always relative—to the other side of the membrane

8. The Plasma Membrane
Cell in Hypotonic Solution Less salt outside the cell than inside the cell
4/3/2019
10% NaCL 90% H2O
CELL
60% NaCL
40% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

9. The Plasma Membrane
Cell in Hypertonic Solution more salt outside the cell than inside the cell
4/3/2019
20% NaCL 80% H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
5% NaCL
95% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

10. No NET MOVEMENT OF H2O (equal amounts entering & leaving)
The Plasma Membrane
4/3/2019
Isotonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution
No NET MOVEMENT OF H2O (equal amounts entering & leaving)
Lower solute concentration in the solution
Higher solute concentration in the solution
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

11. Membrane Transport Active transport (energy required)
Solute pumping (sodium-potassium pump)
Bulk transport (endo/exocytosis)
IMPORTANT FOR RECOVERY FROM NERVE IMPULSE AND BULK TRANSPORT WHEN PHAGOCYTES ENGULF PATHOGENS

12. Active Transport Requires energy or ATP
The Plasma Membrane
4/3/2019
Active Transport
Requires energy or ATP
Moves materials from Low to High concentration
EXAMPLE: Sodium/Potassium pump Pumping Na+ out & K+ in against strong concentration gradients.
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

13. The Plasma Membrane
Transport Proteins
4/3/2019
Some carrier proteins change shape to move materials across the cell membrane
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

14. PHAGOCYTE ENGULFING AND DESTORYING PATHOGEN

15. Intro to Cell Division Two major phases…
Interphase – cell growth and carries out metabolic processes
Cell division – cell replicates itself to produce more cells for growth/repair
CELL DIVISION IMPORTANT TO KNOW WHEN WE DISCUSS TISSUE REGERNATION – SOME TISSUES (CARDIAC MUSCLE, NERVE, AND SKELETAL MUSCLE) ARE LARGELY AMITOTIC AFTER THEY MATURE
ALSO IMPORTANT WHEN WE DISCUSS HOW THE CELL CYCLE CAN B/M OUT OF CONTROL = CANCER

16. Steps of Cell Division

17. Steps of Cell Division

18. Intro to Protein Synthesis
Proteins are important! They are major building materials for cells and enzymes are required for chemical reactions
Your genes are blueprints for building proteins
Information flows in one direction…
DNA  RNA  protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS IMPORTATN WHEN WE DISCUSS DISORDERS THAT RESULT FROM AN ABNORMAL PROTEIN THAT IS PRODUCED (AS A RESULT OF GENETIC MUTATION).
ALSO – MUSCLE CELLS HAVE TWO NUCLEI WHICH IS HELPFUL FOR THEM SINCE THEY NEED TO PRODUCE MORE PROTEIN THAN OTHER CELLS IN THE BODY
transcription
translation

19. Protein Synthesis (Role of RNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

20. Protein Synthesis (in detail)
Transcription
Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

22. Intro to Cellular Respiration
The process of converting simple sugars to ATP that can be used for energy
RESPIRATION FORMULA IMPORTANT WHEN WE GET TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND DISCUSS WHY WE ARE LOADING OXYGEN AND UNLOADING CARBON DIOXIDE…POSSIBLY DISCUSS THE BUFFER SYSTEM TOO HERE

23. Respiration: An Overview
The process by which cells break down food sources such as glucose, fats, and protein and release their stored energy.
Two main types
Anaerobic – no oxygen required
Aerobic – requiring oxygen
Both forms produce energy storage molecules called ATP – adenosine triphosphate.

24. Anaerobic Processes No oxygen is required for these processes.
Includes glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, and fermentation.
Some bacteria and yeast are examples of anaerobes.

25. Cellular Physiology Fermentation Use when you are oxygen deficient
Less efficient than aerobic respiration
by-product is lactic acid that results a burning sensation
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION TAKES PLACE WHEN WE DON’T GET ENOUGH OXYGEN TO OUR MUSCLE CELLS – CAUSES THE BURN AND SOARNESS

26. Fermentation Pyruvate can be metabolized by:
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
AF produces ethyl alcohol and CO2 – yeast can ferment apple juice to fill a balloon.
LAF produces lactic acid. It can build up in muscles during strenuous exercise and cause burning and soreness.

27. Aerobic Processes Requires oxygen. Most organisms are aerobes.
Equation for Aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO H2O + Energy
Based on this equation – Why do we breathe?

28. The Mitochondria
If O2 is present following glycolysis, pyruvate is modified and enters the mitochondria.
Here food is broken down completely into CO2.
Energy storage molecules like NADH and ATP are produced. This is why the mitochondria is called the power house of the cell.

29. Oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.
The Role of Oxygen
Energy carriers like NADH drop off electrons and as they “fall” to oxygen during metabolism energy is stored in a payload of ATP.
Oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.
ATP
Energy from electrons O2
H2O

30. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP is the cells energy currency.
Cellular work such as metabolism, transport, and movement is powered by the breakdown of ATP.
ATP Structure
Ribose – a 5-carbon sugar
Adenine – a N-base
3 phosphate groups

31. ATP / ADP Cycle ATP is constantly being used and remade in the cell.
Energy is released or stored by breaking or making a phosphate bond.

32. Cellular Respiration
DISCUSS WHERE THESE OCCUR IN THE CELL AND WHICH STEPS NEED OXYGEN