1. The Byzantine Empire

2. Background Information
Rome had fallen on hard times - spread too thin, problems with government, etc. The Empire slowly fell apart and was divided into two empires: the Eastern/Byzantine Empire and the Western Empire.
The empire began around 327 AD and lasted until 1453 AD. (4th to 15th centuries)

3. Background Information
The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was Constantinople.
Constantinople is now Istanbul which is in modern day Turkey.

4. Justinian
In 527, Justinian became the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire
He set out to re-conquer areas of the Western Empire which had been overrun by invaders
He temporarily recaptured a vast majority of the old empire

6. Justinian
Set about rebuilding Constantinople including: schools, courts, hospitals
and the Hagia Sophia

7. Hagia Sophia “Holy Wisdom” Church in Constantinople.
Architectural and engineering wonder.
Six years to build.
Huge dome sits on top of the church. and is 180 ft high

9. Empress Theodora Wife to Justinian
Held a strong influence over her husband
Helped convince him to stay during a rebellion - saved his rule
Established more rights for women
Most influential woman of the empire

10. Empress Theodora
As Justinian’s wife and adviser she helped to change the laws regarding the status women.
Divorce laws gave greater benefit to women
Christian women were able to own property equal to their dowry

11. Justinian’s Code
A uniform code of laws for the Byzantine Empire called Justinian’s Code
Lasted over 900 years
A combination of edited old Roman laws and laws that were based on custom

12. Justinian’s Code Divided into 4 parts: ◦ Code- useful Roman Laws
◦ Digest- summarized Roman legal opinion
◦ Institutes- a guide for law students
◦ Novellae - laws passed after 534A.D.
Preserved the idea that people should be ruled
by laws, not on the whims of leaders

13. Byzantine’s Impact on Russia

14. The effect of Byzantine culture on Kiev
Kiev was the first major city in Russia
Located on a river with access to the Black Sea-made trade possible with Byzantine Empire
Kiev became the center of Russian Byzantine Christianity
The Mongols invade and sack Kiev in 1240

15. Impact Byzantium had on Moscow
A new settlement emerged to the north (Moscow)
The church moved its headquarters to Moscow, making it the center of Russian trade and religion. The Orthodox Church became identical to the church in Constantinople.

16. Impact Byzantium had on Moscow
For years Moscow’s rulers paid tribute to the Mongols who allowed them to keep their religious practices, but they were able to break away under the empire.
Byzantine Empire = extensions of Rome
Russia = extension of Byzantine

17. Tsar Ivan III Came to power in the 1400s
Refused to pay taxes to the Mongols
The Mongols had slowly lost their power and refused to fight Ivan
Ivan expanded his territories and took the title of Tsar (Czar).
Married the niece of a Byzantine emperor for religious reasons.

18. Why Is the Byzantine Empire Important???
Ultimately, the Byzantine Empire had a lasting impact on culture and religion in the region (Eastern Orthodox - which we will talk about later).
The Byzantine Empire also helped preserve Roman and Greek culture.

19. stop for 5 ws

20. The Great Schism of 1054

21. How did we get here?
Christianity began as one church around 33 AD with the followers/apostles of Christ.
Today there are three main branches of Christianity:
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Protestant

22. So What was the Big Deal?
There was already tension between the Byzantine and old Roman Empire.
The Eastern priests could marry before they became priests. Rome didn’t agree.
The Roman church used unleavened bread in their mass. The east thought this was too “Jewish”.
The Eastern church had mass in Greek. The Roman Church used Latin.

23. So Many Issues - Big and Small
For Example:
The priests of the two churches dressed differently.
It was believed the Eastern church worshipped icons that represented religious figures. The west saw this as idol worship.

24. The Two Major Issues
The Eastern churches did not like how the Pope of Rome claimed himself to be the head of the Christian church.
The Eastern church believed the patriarch (bishop) of Constantinople, if anyone, should be the head.
In 1054, the final straw came when the Western Church added the filioque to their creed which made the “Holy Spirit” proceed the Father and the Son.

25. Childish Solution
In 1054, Pope Leo IX of Rome and the Patriarch/Bishop of Constantinople decided to excommunicate each other.
Excommunication is the worst punishment a member of the church can receive.
They are not allowed to receive sacraments and have no hope of entering heaven, according to these beliefs.

26. Creation of a New Church
The result of the 1054 Schism is the division between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church.
The word Orthodox means dedication to the traditional faith.
The Eastern church believed that they followed traditional Christian beliefs unlike the Roman church with they viewed as greedy and too close to Judaism.
They do not recognize the supremacy of the Pope.

27. The two churches have never gotten back together but did reconcile their differences in the 1900s.

28. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EASTERN CHURCH AND WESTERN CHURCH
Roman Catholic
Eastern Church
Eastern Orthodox
Centered in Rome
Pope has authority over Bishops
Centered in Constantinople
Patriarch and other bishops share authority
Farther away from the seat of power once Constantinople became capital
Close to the seat of power once Constantinople became the capital
Latin is spoken in the Liturgy (church services)
Greek is spoken in the liturgy (church services)
Pope has authority over Kings and emperors
Emperor has authority over Patriarch and bishops
Priests can’t marry
Divorce is not permitted
Priests can marry
Divorce is allowed under certain conditions

29. Stop Here for 5 W’s and chart creation

30. What two Christian churches were there at the end of the Great Schism of 1054?
What language was used in each church during their services?
Which church did not recognize the Pope as supreme?

31. The Mongol Empire and Marco Polo

32. Genghis Khan “universal ruler” - he was organized & a good strategist
Genghis united the nomadic Mongol clans into one force
Invaded northern China and western parts of Asia
Mongols invaded & conquered Russia, but cities like Moscow became powerful & wealthy
Used violence, often destroying entire towns, to spread fear among his enemies
Genghis Khan ( )

33. Pax Mongolica Pax Mongolica: created a time of stability & law,
guaranteed safe travels on
the Silk Road where religion, ideas, & culture spread
Mongols didn’t treat all
people humanely, adopted
foreign cultures, & unified largest land empire ever

34. The Mongol Empire
After Genghis’s death his empire was divided among his sons and grandsons, who expanded Mongol territory
The Mongols tended to allow the people they conquered to keep their cultural and religious beliefs
The Mongols opened up trade throughout Asia and eastern Europe

35. Mongol rule in China
Kublai Khan (Genghis’ grandson) invaded China and became the new emperor
He united China and opened it up to foreign trade
Mongols and Chinese tended not to intermingle except for the purpose of government and trade

36. Mongol rule in China Moved the capital from Mongolia to China
Saw his power slipping b/c:
Many defeats in attempted expansion
Overtaxed the Chinese – spent too much money in the treasury
Empire was too large for one man to rule

37. Marco Polo
Traveled to China in 1275 and served as a representative of Kublai Khan for 17 years
Later wrote a book, The Travels of Marco Polo, about his travels in China-described the use of coal for heat, which was unknown to most Europeans
Many Europeans thought that his stories were made up

38. How did the Byzantine Empire End?

39. The Ottoman Empire’s role in the decline of Byzantium
Around 1300 the Ottomans began to build an empire on the edge of the Byzantine Empire (were one of the first groups to use muskets and cannons)
The Ottomans expanded into the Byzantine Empire: they treated their conquered subjects with respect allowing trade and religious freedom

40. Ottoman Empire
By the 1400s the Empire had grown strong and decided to attack the last stronghold of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople
In 1453 the Ottomans used cannons to subdue and capture the city: they rebuilt it and changed the name to Istanbul