1. 4 CLASSES OF MACROMOLECULES
Carbohydrates (sugars)
Lipids (fats)
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

2. Fig. 5-UN2

3. Fig. 5-UN2a

4. Fig. 5-UN2b

5. Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

6. Uses of Sugars in Cells
Fuel – Energy source e.g. Combustion of glucose during cellular respiration
Source of carbon (Building blocks) for molecules such as DNA

7. Carbohydrate Memorize List
Monosaccarides – glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharides – maltose, lactose, sucrose
Polysacharides – starch, glycogen and cellulose

8. Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

9. Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

10. Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures

11. (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
Fig. 5-6
ENERGY STORAGE MOLECULES
Chloroplast
Starch
Mitochondria
Glycogen granules
0.5 µm
1 µm
Amylose
Glycogen
Amylopectin
(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide
(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
PLANTS
ANIMALS

12. Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

13. Figure 16.5 The double helix

14. CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
Section C: Lipids - Diverse Hydrophobic Molecules
1. Fats store large amounts of energy
2. Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes
3. Steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. Properties of Lipids Lipids are NOT POLYMERS
Lipids are HIGHLY DIVERSE in STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
HYDROPHOBIC- Lipids have little or no affinity for water

16. FAT IS USED FOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE AND INSULATION
FAT CONTAINS ABOUT 2X AS MUCH ENERGY PER GRAM AS SUGAR

17. Fatty acid (palmitic acid)
Fig. 5-11
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
MEMORIZE THIS RXN FOR TEST!
Glycerol
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Ester linkage
Figure 5.11 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

18. 3. Steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones
Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused carbon rings.
Different steroids are created by varying functional groups attached to the rings.
Fig. 5.14
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19. CELL MEMBRANES ARE FORMED BY PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYERS
Fig. 7-2
CELL MEMBRANES ARE FORMED BY PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYERS
WATER
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER

20. Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Glyco- Carbohydrate protein
Fig. 7-7
Fibers of
extracellular
matrix (ECM)
Glyco-
protein
Carbohydrate
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Cholesterol
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
Peripheral
proteins
Integral
protein
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE
OF MEMBRANE

21. (b) Enzymatic activity (c) Signal transduction
Fig. 7-9
Signaling molecule
Enzymes
Receptor
ATP
Signal transduction
(a) Transport
(b) Enzymatic activity
(c) Signal transduction
Glyco-
protein
(d) Cell-cell recognition
(e) Intercellular joining
(f) Attachment to
the cytoskeleton
and extracellular
matrix (ECM)

22. Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions

23. GLOBULAR PROTEIN FIBROUS PROTEIN – - roughly spherical,
Fig. 5-21g
GLOBULAR PROTEIN
- roughly spherical,
water-soluble
Hemoglobin
FIBROUS PROTEIN –
STRUCTURAL, ROPE-LIKE
Iron
Figure 5.21 Levels of protein structure—tertiary and quaternary structures
Heme
 Chains
Hemoglobin
Collagen

24. Levels of Protein Structure
Primary – sequence of amino acids
Secondary- folded patterns produced by hydrogen bonding along amino-acid backbone
Tertiary- overall 3-D folding pattern produced by interactions of side-chains
Quaternary- interaction between separate amino acid chains of a protein

25. Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure

26. Fig. 5-UN1
 carbon
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group

27. Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

28. Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

29. Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins