1. 15-110: Principles of Computing
Introduction: Computers and Programming Languages
Lecture 1, September 02, 2018
Mohammad Hammoud
Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar

2. Today… Introduction (~70 minutes): Adminstrivia (~10 minutes):
Motivation
Hardware basics
High-level vs. low-level programming languages
Compiling vs. interpreting high-level languages
Writing very simple Python commands using the interactive mode
Adminstrivia (~10 minutes):
Course overview

3. Computers and Programming
A computer is just a machine (the hardware) for executing programs (the software)
Hence, the software rules the hardware!
The process of creating software is called programming, and it is the focus of this course
Virtually, anyone can learn how to program computers
It requires only some grit!

4. Why Learn Programming?
Computers have become commonplace in our modern life
Understanding the strengths and limitations of computers requires some understanding of programming
Programming can be loads of fun!
It is an intellectually engaging activity that allows you to express yourself through remarkably beautiful creations
Programming develops valuable problem-solving skills, especially ones that pertain to analysis, design and implementation
Programmers are in great demand!
Astronomy
Ubiquitous Computing
Smaller, Faster, Cheaper Sensors
Gene Sequencing and Biotechnology

5. Why Learn Programming?
Computers have become commonplace in our modern life
Applying ideas in different fields requires programming
Programming can be loads of fun!
It is an intellectually engaging activity that allows you to express yourself through remarkably beautiful constructs and structures
Programming develops valuable problem-solving skills, especially ones that pertain to analysis, design and implementation
Programmers are in great demand!

6. Hardware Basics
To be a successful programmer, you need to know some details of how computers work
For instance, understanding the basics of hardware will help you analyze the performance (or efficiency) of any of your programs
Will the data of your program fit in memory?
If not, how would that impact the performance of your program?
Is your program CPU-bound or IO-Bound?
If CPU-bound, how powerful is your CPU?
If IO-bound, how big is your disk or network bandwidth?

7. Functional View of a Computer
CPU
Output Devices
Input Devices
Secondary Memory
Main Memory

8. Functional View of a Computer
The secondary memory is where your saved program and data reside
It is a non-volatile storage
I.e., when the power is turned off, your program and data will NOT be lost
E.g., Hard Disk
Secondary Memory

9. Functional View of a Computer
The main memory is much faster (but more expensive) than the secondary one, however, it is volatile
Your program and data are copied from secondary memory to main memory for efficiency reasons
E.g., Random Access Memory (RAM)
Secondary Memory
Main Memory

10. Functional View of a Computer
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the “brain” of the computer
It can at least perform:
Arithmetic operations (e.g., adding 2 numbers)
Logical operations (e.g., test if 2 numbers are equal)
It can directly access information stored in main memory but not in secondary memory
CPU
Secondary Memory
Main Memory

11. Functional View of a Computer
E.g., Monitor
CPU
E.g., Keyboard
and mouse
Output Devices
Input Devices
Secondary Memory
Main Memory

12. Functional View of a Computer
Humans interact with computers via Input and Output (IO) devices
Information from Input devices are processed by the CPU and may be shuffled off to the main or secondary memory
When information need to be displayed, the CPU sends them to one or more Output devices
E.g., Monitor
E.g., Keyboard
and mouse
Output Devices
Input Devices

13. Programming Languages
A program is just a sequence of instructions telling the computer what to do
Obviously, we need to provide these instructions in a language that computers can understand
We refer to this kind of a language as a programming language
Python, Java, C and C++ are examples of programming languages
Every structure in a programming language has an exact form (i.e., syntax) and a precise meaning (i.e., semantic)

14. Machine Languages
Python, Java, C, and C++ are, indeed, examples of high-level languages
Strictly speaking, computer hardware can only understand a very low- level language known as machine language
If you want a computer to add two numbers, the instructions that the CPU will carry out might be something like this:
Load the number from memory location 2001 into the CPU
Load the number from memory location 2002 into the CPU
Add the two numbers in the CPU
Store the result into location 2003
A Lot of Work!

15. High-Level to Low-Level Languages
In a high-level language like Python, the addition of two numbers can be expressed more naturally:
But, we need a way to translate the high-level language into a machine language that a computer can execute
To this end, high-level language can either be compiled or interpreted
c = a + b
Much Easier!

16. Compiling a High-Level Language
A compiler is a complex software that takes a program written in a high-level language and translates it into an equivalent program in the machine language of some computer
Compiler
Source Code (Program)
Machine Code
Running Program
Inputs
Outputs

17. Interpreting a High-Level Language
An interpreter is a software that analyzes and executes the source code instruction-by-instruction (on-the-fly) as necessary
E.g., Python is an interpreted language
Computer Running An Interpreter
Source Code (Program)
Outputs
Inputs

18. Compiling vs. Interpreting
Compiling is a static (i.e., pre-execution), one-shot translation
Once a program is compiled, it may be run over and over again without further need for the compiler or the source code
Interpreting is dynamic (i.e., happens during execution)
The interpreter and the source code are needed every time the program runs
Compiled programs tend to be faster, while interpreted ones lend themselves to a more flexible programming environments (they can be developed and run interactively)

19. Note on Portability
The translation process highlights another advantage that high-level languages have over machine languages, namely, portability
A program for an Intel-based machine will not run on an IBM-based machine since each computer type has its own machine language
On the other hand, a program written in a high-level language (say, a Python program) can be run on many different kinds of computers as long as there is a suitable compiler or interpreter
Python programs are said to be portable!

20. Writing Python Commands
You can start the Python interpreter in an interactive mode and type in some commands to see what happens
When you first start the interpreter program, you may see something like the following:
Python (v3.4.4:737efcadf5a6, Dec , 20:38:52) 
[GCC (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 
A Python prompt indicating that the Python interpreter is waiting for you to give it a command

21. Writing Python Commands
Here is a sample interaction with the Python interpreter:
print is a built-in function that allows displaying information on screen
When you call the print function, the parameters in the parentheses tell the function what to print
There is only 1 parameter passed to print here, which is a textual data (or what is referred to as a string)
>>> print("Hello")
Hello
>>> print("Programming is fun!")
Programming is fun!
>>> print(3) 3
>>> print(2.3)
2.3

22. Writing Python Commands
Here is a sample interaction with the Python interpreter:
>>> print("Hello")
Hello
>>> print("Programming is fun!")
Programming is fun!
>>> print(3) 3
>>> print(2.3)
2.3
Another string parameter
An integer (int for short) parameter
A float parameter
How can we figure out in a program whether a value is an int, float, or string?

23. The Type Function
Python provides a special function called type, which allows us to figure out the data type of any value
>>> type("Hello")
<class 'str'>
>>> type("Programming is fun!")
>>> type(3)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(2.3)
<class 'float'>

24. Summary
A computer is a universal information-processing machine, which can carry out any process that can be described in sufficient detail
A description of the sequence of steps for solving a particular problem is called an algorithm
Algorithms can be turned into software (programs) that determine what the hardware (physical machine) can and does accomplish
The process of creating software is called programming

25. Summary
A basic functional view of a computer system comprises a central processing unit (CPU), a main memory, a secondary memory, and input and output devices
The CPU is the brain of the computer that performs simple arithmetic and logical operations
Information that the CPU acts on (data and programs) are stored in main memory (e.g., RAM), while more permanent information are stored in secondary memory (e.g., disk)

26. Summary
Programs are written using a formal notation known as a programming language
There are many different languages, but all share the property of having a precise syntax (form) and semantics (meaning)
Computer hardware only understands a very low-level language known as machine language
Programs are usually written using human-oriented high-level languages such as Python

27. Summary
A high-level language must either be compiled or interpreted in order for the computer to understand it
High-level languages are more portable than machine languages
Python is an interpreted language
One way to learn about Python is to use an interactive shell for experimentation

28. Next Lecture…
Basic elements of Python programs (e.g., names, expressions, input statements, output statements, assignment statements, etc.,)