1. China & Europeans

2. Portuguese 1514 – Coast of China 1557 – Trading station established
Jesuit missionaries
Astronomy – helped Chinese calendar
Members of the royal cabinet
Able to convert high ranking officials
Economic, Political, and Spiritual Power
Downfall – Allegiance to Pope
Macao

4. British Silk & Tea East India Company Restrictions
China’s tea – Best in the world
East India Company
Monopoly on silk, tea, spices
Restrictions
Guangzhou, special settlements, officially approved Chinese merchants
Worked for a little while

5. Free Trade Reaction to mercantilism
Government should no restrict or interfere with international trade
British traders (not with EIC) resent monopoly
Tried twice to get China to open up – failed
1833 Britain abolished monopoly
Managing agency for British government in India

6. Opium Trade Cotton -> Tea Opium (addicting drug)
Only need so much cotton
Opium (addicting drug)
More silver leave than entering
Tried to stop the sale of opium

7. Lin Tse-Hsu to Queen Victoria
“Let us suppose that foreigners came from another country, and brought opium into England, and seduced the people of your country to smoke it, would not you, the sovereign of the said country, look upon such a procedure with anger, and in your just indignation endeavor to get rid of it? Now we have always heard that your highness possesses a most kind and benevolent heart, surely then you are incapable of doing or causing to be done unto another, that which you should not wish another to do unto you!”

8. Opium War
Chinese military and navy no match for British army and navy
Treaty of Nanjing
Hong Kong go to British (1997)
5 new ports
Fixed, low tariffs
British Law, not Chinese in Ports
Extraterritoriality – Follow the laws of your home country in another country

9. “Unequal” Treaties France, United States, Russia
Signed because of fear of defeat or invasion
1856 Second Opium War – British and French won.
Yangtze river ports, embassy in Beijing, protect Christians
Britain – Long term lease across from Hong Kong

11. Why so easy? Rebellion Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
Hong Xiuguan
Muslims in central & western China launched their own rebellion
Qing dynasty quashed rebellions, but at a price