1. Animal Physiology and Reproduction
Essential Standard 8.00
Understand animal reproduction
Objective 8.01
Understand animal reproduction and parturition

2. Reproductive Management Terminology
Castration
Removing the testicles of male animals to prevent breeding
Colostrum
The first milk produced after a mammal gives birth that contains antibodies needed for immunity
Estrus
The time a female animal is receptive to be bred (also called heat)
Estrus Cycle
The length of a female’s cycle from one estrus to the next

3. Reproductive Management Terminology
Gestation
The time an animal is pregnant
Puberty
Age at which animals reach sexual maturity and begin coming into heat
Lactation
The period of time that milk is secreted by the mammary glands
Parturition
The act of giving birth by female mammals

4. Reproductive Management Terminology
Ovulation
The release of the egg cell from the ovary
Fertilization
The union of the sperm and the egg cells

5. Reproductive Traits Species Age Range of Puberty
Average Length of Estrus Cycle
Average Length of Estrus
Average Length of Gestation
Cow
6-8 months
21 days
16-18 hours
283 days
Swine
4-7 months
3 days
114 days
Sheep
4-8 months
22 days
30 hours
148 days
Goat
1st autumn
2.5 days
151 days

6. Parts and Functions of the Female Livestock Reproductive System

7. Female Tract

8. Ovaries Function Produce ova called eggs Description
Two oval shaped organs located near the end of the reproductive tract inside the body cavity

9. Female Reproductive System

10. Female Reproductive System
The ovaries have three major functions:
Gamete production
Secrete estrogen (hormone)
absence of muscle development
development of mammary glands
development of reproductive systems and external genitalia
fat deposition on hips and stomach (source of energy)
triggering of heat
Form the corpus luteum

11. Oviducts Function Carry the eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
Also called the fallopian tubes
Description
Small tubes that are near but not attached to ovaries
Have small funnel-shaped end near the ovary

12. Female Reproductive System

13. Infundibulum Function
Picks up eggs at ovulation and directs eggs into the oviduct
Description
Funnel-shaped end of each oviduct near the ovary

14. Uterus Function Womb Place where fetus grows and develops Description
Organ with two branched horn-shaped attachments called uterine horns
Will have a baby inside if animal is pregnant

15. Female Reproductive System

16. Cervix Function Description
Serves as a passageway for sperm to travel from the vagina to the uterus
Seats the uterus during pregnancy to prevent pathogens from affecting fetus
Description
Thick walled structure made up of folds and rings of muscular tissue
Located at the neck of uterus
Separates the uterus from the vagina

17. Cervix

18. Vagina Function Description
Receives the male penis and sperm at breeding
Serves as a passageway for the baby to pass through at birth
Serves as a passageway for urine to be expelled
Description
Connects the vulva to the cervix

19. Vulva
Function
External opening to female reproductive and urinary systems
Description
External opening made up of folds of skin

20. Female Reproductive System

21. Reproductive Functions (Female)

22. Ovulation Rates
Ovulation Rates by Species Cow- 1 egg per estrus Ewe- 1 to 3 eggs per estrus Sow- 10 to 20 eggs per estrus Mare- 1 egg per estrus Hen- Approx. 28 eggs per month

23. Reproductive Terminology
Species Act Offspring
Cows calving calf
Ewes lambing lamb
Sows farrowing pig
Hens hatching chick
Mares foaling foal
Goats kidding kid

24. Questions?

25. Livestock and Poultry Male Reproductive Parts

26. Scrotum Function Holds and protects testicles Description
Saclike part outside livestock that holds testicles

27. Testes (Testicles) Function Produce sperm and male sex hormone
Description
Two oval meaty structures inside scrotum in livestock and inside body cavity of poultry on each side of backbone.

28. Epididymis Function Stores sperm while they mature Description
Long coiler tube connected to teach testicle

29. Vas Deferens
Function
Serves as a passageway for sperm to travel from the epididymis to the urethra
Description
Tube that connects the epididymis to urethra

30. Seminal Vesicles Function
Produce a fluid that protects and transports sperm
Description
A gland that opens into urethra

31. Prostrate Gland Function
Produces a fluid that is mixed with the seminal fluid
Description
Gland near the urethra and the bladder

32. Cowper’s Gland Function
Produces a fluid that moves down the urethra ahead of the seminal fluid
It cleans and neutralizes the urethra to protect the sperm
Description
A gland near the urethra

33. Penis Function Deposits semen in female animals
Papila serves this function in poultry
Description
Rod like tissue covered by sheath

34. Sheath Function Protects penis from injury Description
Skin that covers the penis

36. Reproduction in Poultry

37. Poultry Reproductive Systems
Major difference:
Embryo of livestock develop inside the female’s body while the embryo of poultry develops inside the egg.
Papilla
Organ in male poultry’s cloaca wall that puts the sperm in the hen’s reproductive tract.
Chickens (domestic birds) only have the left ovary and oviduct functional when mature(producing eggs)
The right ovary and oviduct do not function.

38. Other Key Points
Egg-function is reproduction but it is eaten as food by humans and wild animals.
Domestic chickens lay an egg every hours regardless if sperm are not present.
Commercially sold eggs are not fertilized.
Incubation time for chicken eggs is 21 days.
Turkeys and ducks eggs incubation is 28 days.

39. Parts and Functions of the Poultry Reproductive System

40. Ovary
Poultry only have one functioning ovary as compared to livestock animals
Function
Produces ova and hormones
The yolk of an egg is an ovum
Description
Attached cluster of yellow, round, egg yolks

41. Infundibulum Function The place where fertilization takes place
Description
Funnel shaped structure located just below the ovary
It is the start of the oviducts

42. Reproduction in Poultry
The poultry oviduct (tube-like structure) has five parts:
1) Vagina
Holds the egg until laid
2) Uterus (shell gland)
Secretes the thin, white shell and shell pigment
3) Isthmus
Adds the two shell membranes
4) Magnum
Secretes the albumen
5) Infundibulum
Where fertilization takes place

45. Cloaca
Function
Location where the papilla of the male bird deposits semen
Egg also passes through this part
Description
Located between the vent and base of oviduct

46. Vent Function Expel egg, liquid and solid waste Description
Outside opening to the poultry reproductive tract

48. Parturition of Animals

49. Basic Facts
If an ovum of the female animal is fertilized and the animal becomes pregnant, the embryo begins to grow and develop.
After a period of embryological development, the developing animal is referred to as a fetus.
During gestation, the fetus develops in the uterus.
At the end of the gestation period, parturition begins.

50. Normal Presentation of the Fetus at Birth
Front feet first with legs slightly offset from each other to allow for shoulders to pass through the birth canal Nose tucked between front legs Shoulders Body or middle of animal Hips Back legs and feet

52. Other Important Information
Any presentation (at birth) that does not have the order provided is abnormal and could cause problems as severe as death of the newborn animal and/or animal.

55. Parturition Process
Begins when increased estrogen causes the uterus muscles to contract
First water bag appears, enlarges, and breaks open
Soon afterwards, the second water bag containing the fetus breaks open and the presentation of the calf begins
Several hours later, the placenta and other members (afterbirth) are expelled
If afterbirth is not expelled, the animal will become sick.

57. Questions?