1. The United States Constitution
PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION
May 25th 1787 – September 17th, 1787

2. Unitary Control of the Colonies Ends in 1776!

4. From Unitary and the Fear of a Government all too powerful the founders decided to create a Confederate Government with very little National Powers. All powers rested in the States themselves.

5. James Madison is credited as the Father of the Constitution.
He came early to the Convention and drafted a constitution that would become the working draft.

6. U. S. Census Figures 1790 “Big State v. Small State Slave State v
U.S. Census Figures 1790 “Big State v. Small State Slave State v. Free State”

7. The First National Capitol in NY

8. A Battle over Power Through Representation
Virginia (The Largest State) wanted representation based upon population.
THE VIRGINIA PLAN
Example: Congress would be bicameral (two chambers) both chambers would be filled based on population size in state.
- 1 Representative for every 30,000 people residing in the state.

9. States that liked the Virginia Plan…
Pennsylvania
Massachusetts
North Carolina
Maryland
New York
Virginia
& Connecticut didn’t mind it…..

10. A Battle over Power Through Representation
New Jersey responded with a plan for a unicameral (one chamber) Congress that is based upon the Articles of Confederation:
NEW JERSEY PLAN
Example: One State – One Vote.

11. States that liked the New Jersey Plan…
Georgia
South Carolina
Delaware
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
New Jersey
& Connecticut didn’t mind it…..

12. During Write: How Should this Issue of Representation be Resolved?

13. The Connecticut Compromise A Bicameral Congress
Senate
Upper House
2 Per State
Higher Requirements for Membership
House of Representatives
Lower House
No more than one representative for every 30,000 residents”
All Appropriation Bills Start Here

15. Taxation and Representation went hand in hand… 1787 Methods of Taxation
States collected taxes based upon population and sent money to the Federal Government.
There was no Federal Income Tax until 1913.
* Who is counted in Population?
Discuss with the person next to you.

16. The 3/5’s Compromise Slaves were to be counted as 3/5’s of person.
This would be for both Taxation and Representation.
Ex: If a state has 50,000 slaves they will get the equivalent of one representative and be responsible to pay taxes for 30,000 residents.
YouTube - Three Fifths Compromise Student Podcasts

17. Additional Slavery Issues
Congress could make no law regarding Slavery Trade before 1808.
The Federal Government could control interstate trade effectively allowing them to end the slave trade after 1808.
The Federal Government controlled Imports and could end Slave Trade Imports after 1808.

18. How do you pick a President? What’s the best approach?

19. Options for Choosing the Executive
States Choose
How would they do this?
Popular Election
Who gets to vote?
Electing Committee
What is this?

20. Why an Electoral College?
States competing for power.
No Chance for National Campaigns
Custom was that “Office sought you, you didn’t seek Office.”
The elite and most knowledgeable should be the final decision makers.
Centurial Assembly of Roman Republic
College of Cardinals (Pope Selection)
Electoral College Historical Information

21. Explaining the Electoral College

22. Ben Franklin Address at the close of the Convention (Stop-n-write)

23. Ratification
Article VII of the Constitution and resolutions adopted by the convention on September 17, 1787, detailed a four-stage ratification process: (1) submission of the Constitution to the Confederation Congress, (2) transmission of the Constitution by Congress to the state legislatures, (3) election of delegates to conventions in each state to consider the Constitution, and (4) ratification by the conventions of at least nine of the thirteen states.

24. Two Camps Emerge Federalists Anti-Federalists
Strong National Government
Three Branches
Argued if you listed rights government could deny others.
Federalist Papers
Key Figures: “Publius” James Madison, Alexander Hamilton & John Jay
Anti-Federalists
States Rights
Individual Rights
Argued Constitution..
National Government too strong.
Executive too strong
Legislative too strong
Wanted a Bill of Rights
Key Figures “Brutus” Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Sam Adams

25. Key Federalist Papers #10 Madison Beware of Majority Factions.
#14 Madison defends Constitution and uniting into one country.
#39 Madison details ideals of Federalism
#51 Madison details Checks and Balances
#70 Hamilton details need for one-man Executive
#78 Hamilton details Judicial Review
Publius

26. Federalists Accept Anti-Federalist Arguments about the Constitution Lacking a Bill of Rights and Agree to Make it the New Governments First Priority in Exchange For Ratification

27. States Ratify the Constitution
Off to a Fast Start
DE, PA, NJ, GA & CT
Postpone & Compromise
Massachusetts
Then One Left to Go
MD and SC
Nail Biting Time
NH, VA & NY
Final Pieces
NC & RI
Ratification Maps

28. Constitutional Principles
Federalism
YouTube - Federal Powers vs. State Powers
Checks and Balances
YouTube - Facts of Congress - Checks and Balances

29. Constitutional Principles
Popular Sovereignty
Separation of Power

30. Constitutional Principles
Judicial Review