1. Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
February 3, 2015

2. 1 - Direct microscopic visualization 2 - Cultivation and identication
Fig Some laboratory techniques that are useful in the diagnosis of microbial diseases.
1 - Direct microscopic
visualization
2 - Cultivation and
identication

3. 4 - Detection of microbial RNA or DNA
Fig Some laboratory techniques that are useful in the diagnosis of microbial diseases.
3 - Detection of
microbial antigens
4 - Detection of microbial
RNA or DNA

4. Fig. 30.1 Some laboratory techniques that are useful in the diagnosis of microbial diseases.

5. Figure 30.5 Schematic representation of the blood-brain barrier.

6. Figure 30.6 United States Food and Drug Administration categories of antimicrobials and fetal risk.
Category
Description
Drug A
No human fetal risk or remote possibility of
fetal harm. B
No controlled studies show human risk;
animal studies suggest potential toxicity
β-Lactams
β-Lactams with
inhibitors
Cephalosporins
Aztreonam
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Metronidazole
Nitrofurantoin
Sulfonamides

7. Figure 30.6 United States Food and Drug Administration categories of antimicrobials and fetal risk.
Animal fetal toxicity demonstrated;
human risk undefined
Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Clarithromycin
Trimethoprim
Vancomycin
Gentamicin
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole D
Human fetal risk present,
but benefits may outweigh risks
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
(except gentamicin) X
Human fetal risk present but does not
Outweigh benefits; contraindicated
in pregnancy.

8. Figure 30.9 A. Bar chart showing the six most commonly used drug families.

9. FIGURE 30.9 B. An example of the bar chart with the drugs of choice for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus.

10. Gram (+) cocci Gram (+) bacilli Gram (-) cocci Gram (-) bacilli
Figure A. Color-coded representation Of medically important microorganisms.
Gram (+) cocci
Gram (+) bacilli
Gram (-) cocci
Gram (-) bacilli
Anaerobic organisms
Spirochetes
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Other

11. B. Isoniazid, a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial agent.

12. C. Ampicillin, an extended-spectrum antimicrobial agent.

13. D. Tetracycline, a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent

14. F.30.12 Some clinical situations in which prophylactic antibiotics are indicated.
Pretreatment may prevent streptococcal infections in patients with a history of rheumatic heart disease.
Pretreating of patients undergoing dental extractions who have implanted prosthetic devices, such as artificial heart valves, prevents seeding of the prosthesis.
Pretreatment may prevent tuberculosis or meningitis among individuals who are in close contact with infected patients.
Treatment prior to most surgical procedures can decrease the incidence of infection afterwards. Effective prophylaxis is directed against the most likely organism, not eradication of every potential pathogen.
Pretreating with zidovudine protects the fetus in the case of an HIV-infected, pregnant woman.

15. Figure Classication of some antimicrobial agents by their sites of action. (THFA = tetrahydrofolic acid; PABA = p-aminobenzoic acid.)